psychological disorders, symptoms, and possible causes

moral dis stages, marks, and possible causesA psychic de moldment gouge fade at any stage in mavins life and to anyone. Much want a physical disease such as stoolcer, they do not discriminate. In our society, thither seems to be certain stigmas and stereotypes attached to mental disorders (although thither is more(prenominal)(prenominal) understanding in recent years) and counseling for them, even though many whitethorn be overcome, or at least(prenominal) managed in this way, and this is needed for not just your mind or steamy health, but also for your whole self , as your physical wellness is with reveal delay related to your mind and emotions. aroundtimes referred to as the Bible of Psychiatry, the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a manual that makes all the mental health disorders, the cause, prognosis, and treatment methods for each disorder. It is used to better understand the patients air sickness and needs, as well as treatment options. It is published by the American psychiatrical Association and uses a multidimensional approach to reach a diagnosis. The cinque dimensions ar clinical syndromes, set aboutmental disorders and per discussionality disorders, physical condition, severity of psychological stressors, and highest level of functioning. The previous classification system, which is not current but dormant relevant to some classes, were 2 main categories neurosis and psychosis. Neurosis is characterized by anxiety, much resulting from inner conflict. Psychosis is characterized by loss of contact with reality, delusional, irrational thoughts, and/or hallucinations. These have been replaced with unique(predicate) classifications.The trouble Disorders, with the main feature in this family line being ab ordinary or inappropriate anxiety which occurs when ones heart races, public discussion increases, and muscles tense without any reason for them to do so, accept the following1) acuate Stre ss Disorder- results from traumatic event in which the person responded with intense guardianship and helplessness. Symptoms embroil detachment, re-experiencing event, and significant anxiety. The disorder may resolve itself, or medication and therapy may be useful in preventing development of more serious disorder. view is very good.2) Agoraphobia- generalized fear of being in places difficult to escape or embarrassing and without help is panic endeavour occurs. Prognosis is good when there is insight to development and with realization the fears argon irrational.3) Generalized Anxiety Disorder- overwhelming anxiety not related to specific event. Medication and therapy helpful to regain control over symptoms. Prognosis is good, however, key issues be more difficult to treat.4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- biological and psychological causes. Prognosis depends on response to medication and how deeply rooted the fundamental issues be.5) scare Disorder- sudden attacks of i ntense fear. Treatment involves relaxation exercises and working through and through underlying issues. Prognosis is good if not left untreated to worsen and develop into Agoraphobia.6) Phobias- extreme anxiety and fear associated with the object, situation, or avoidance that is disruptive to casual functions. With behavioral therapy, prognosis is good.7) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- re-experiencing the traumatic event through nightmares, obsessive thoughts, and flashbacks, along with avoidance to anything that reminds the person of that event. Prognosis is moderate to good. Some can be treated with anxiety medication, but primarily psychological treatment.The category of Adjustment Disorders include Unspecified, with Anxiety, with Depressed Mood, with Disturbance of Conduct, with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood, and with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct. All of these disorders relate to a more difficult adjustment to a life situation than would normally be expected.A n otherwise category is callight-emitting diode divisible Disorders, including Amnesia-loss of memory due to psychological factors, Dissociative Fugue- person disappears, forgets identity and past and begins a new life, personal identity (kn own one time as Multiple Personality Disorder), and Depersonalization Disorder. These include a severance in assuredness, memory, identity, or perception.Eating Disorders is another category of psychological disorders. They include Anorexia Nervosa, known for failure to maintain body weight of at least 85% of what is expected, fear of losing control over weight, and typically a ill-shapen body image. Bulimia Nervosa includes bingeing and purging.Impulse Control Disorders include the failure or extreme difficulty in controlling impulses despite the negative consequences. include in these disorders is Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania (stealing), Pathological Gambling, Pyromania (fire setting), Trichotillomania (recurrent pulling out of ones own hair).Mood Disorders include Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depressive)- mania at one extreme to major depression at the other, cycling between deuce extremes for days, weeks, or months, Cyclothymic Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder. The primary symptom in this category is a disturbance of mood which is inappropriate, and exaggerated or a extra range of feelings. Feelings are to the extreme, having excess energy where sleep is not needed for days at a time, and during this time the decision making work out is hindered.Paraphilias and Sexual disorders involve distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges and behaviors that negatively jar ones life as they feel they are unable to control them. These include Exhibitionism, Fetishism, Frotteurism, Pedophilia, Sexual Masochism, Sexual Sadism, Transvestic Fetishism, and Voyeurism.Sexual Dysfunctions is the impairment in normal sexual functioning. This includes Dyspareunia, Female Orgasmic Disorder, F emale Sexual Arousal Disorder, Gender Identity Disorder, Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, Male Erectile Disorder, Male Orgasmic Disorder, untimely Ejaculation, Sexual Aversion Disorder, and Vaginismus.Primary Sleep Disorders are divided into Dyssomnias (related to amount, quality, and clock of sleep) and Parasomnias (abnormal behavior or psychological events that occur during sleep or sleep-wake transitions). Dyssomnias include Primary Insomnia, Primary Hypersomnia, and Narcolepsy. Parasomnias include Nightmare Disorder, Sleep Terror Disorder, and sleepwalk Disorder.The major symptom of another category called psychotic Disorders is psychosis, or delusions and hallucinations. include in this category is Brief Psychotic Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, Schizpphreniform, Shared Psychotic Disorder, and Schizophrenia ( split mind)- not all symptoms are birth at once, including hearing voices, hallucinating, disordered thought, attentional difficulties, delu sions, and catatonia (person freezes and appears to be in a trance). Prognosis is dependent on the age of onset and ranging from good to short(p).Somatoform Disorders are those where symptoms suggest a medical checkup condition but where no medical condition can be found by a physician. include in this is Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Conversion Disorder (hysteria), Hypochondriasis Disorder (hypochondriac), anguish Disorder, and Somatization Disorder.There are two disorders in this category Substance outcry and Substance Dependence. A substance can be anything that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter ones senses, or otherwise affect functioning. The to the highest degree common substance thought of in this category is alcohol although other drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, ecstasy, special-K, and crack, are also included. Probably the most handle substances, caffeine and nicotine, are also included although obsoletely thought of in this manner.Personality Diso rders are mental illnesses that share several unique qualities. They contain symptoms that are enduring and play a major role in most, sometimes all, aspects of the persons life. While many disorders vary in terms of symptom presence and intensity, personality disorders commonly remain constant. To be diagnosed with a disorder in this category, a psychologist will look for the following criteria Symptoms have been present for an extended period of time, are inflexible and pervasive, and are not a result of alcohol or drugs or another psychiatric disorder. The story of symptoms can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood. The symptoms have caused and go by to cause significant distress or negative consequences in opposite aspects of the persons life. Symptoms are seen in at least two of the following areas Thoughts (ways of looking at at the world, thinking about self or others, and interacting), Emotions (appropriateness, intensity, and range of emotional functioning) , Interpersonal Functioning (relationships and interpersonal skills), and Impulse Control. Disorders in this category are Anti accessible Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. by means of the biological perspective that is adopted from a medical approach and typically regards a malfunctioning brain as the cause of abnormal behavior. many factors are considered to be potential causes of biological dysfunction, ranging from head injury to little nutrition. Genetics, evolution, and viral infection are areas that have received a swell deal of attention. Treatments by biological practitioners utilize psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and neurosurgery.The psychodynamic theory regards military personnel behavior to be dictated by underlying psychological influences that usually are unconscious. These influences (also called forces) are dynamic -the relationship between them gives rise to behavior. brachyda ctylous symptoms are created when conflicts arise in this relationship. This theory states that all behavior is regulated by childhood events and past experience. Treatment and so consists of psychoanalysis, which involves bringing into conscious awareness the traumatic childhood conflicts that have been repressed, and resulting in resolution.The behavioral illustration of psychopathology suggests that abnormal responses, particularly phobias, were formed through a condition process, and also can be treated through new learning- a process known as behavior therapy.Abnormal functioning, according to cognitive theorists, is explained by realizing that everyone creates their view of the world that comprises their reality. If the view of an individual is flawed then unhealthy thoughts create dysfunctional behavior. Treatment with this approach involves therapy sessions which work to transform a clients self-defeating beliefs and behaviors by showing their irrationality. It is believ ed that through rational analysis, battalion can understand their errors in light of the irrational beliefs and then get to a more rational way of seeing themselves, their world, and the events in their lives.The sociocultural approach holds that abnormal behavior is caused by the role that society and close play in an individuals life. It considers societal norms, roles in the social environment, cultural background, family, and views of others. sociocultural theorists focus on labels and rules of society, social networks, family structure, communication, cultural influences, and religious beliefs.These are the signs of mental illness are arranged into six categories thinking, feeling, socializing, functioning, problems at home and poor self-care. These are symptoms of psychological disorders and none by themselves mean necessarily there is mental illness, such as bipolar disorder or depression. However, two or three of these signs of mental illness may indicate a type of psych ological disorder. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are the two major treatment options as are social interventions, peer give birth and self-help. In some cases there may be involuntary cargo hold and involuntary treatment. Stigma and discrimination add to the suffering associated with the disorders, and have led to social movements for change. The field of Global Mental Health has recently emerged and has been delimitate as the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all batch worldwide. Diagnostic practice in mental health services typically involves an interview where judgments are made of the appearance and behavior, self-reported symptoms, mental health history, and current life circumstances. The views of relatives or other third parties may be taken into account. A physical exam to check for ill health or the effects of medications or other drugs may be conducted. Psychologic al testing is sometimes used via paper-and-pen or computerized questionnaires, and in rare specialist cases neuroimaging tests may be requested, but these methods are more commonly found in research studies than routine clinical practice. Extreme mental illness, insanity, or psychotic disorders are defined by actions that fall out of the realm of normal human behavior. Standards of acceptability for behaviors vary with culture. When trying to determine if an eccentricity is a psychological disorder or simply immature or odd behavior, it is compared to the four factors commonly used to establish psychological disorders. They are as follows1. Atypical behavior -that is psychologically disordered is outside the range of normal human behavior, which is defined by the culture or community. precisely being different isnt enough to consider insanity or a psychological disorder.2. Disturbing others. People are usually disturbed by insanity or psychological disorders, whether its excessivel y worrying about your son or being directly affected by harmful behavior. Whether a behavior is disturbing or abnormal may be down to the culture, situation, and even the decade or century.3. Maladaptive thoughts or behavior-often behaviors that dont allow people to adapt to life successfully. For example, hearing voices or being unable to start the house because of an extreme fear.4. Unjustifiable behavior-Certain abnormal behaviors arent seen as possible, believable, or bearable which means a mental health problem may be present. If an abnormal behavior is unjustifiable, its more likely to be a psychological disorder.After proper diagnosis, prognosis depends on the disorder, the individual and a recite of other factors. Some disorders are for a short while and others may last a lifetime. Some disorders may be limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and die hard needs. The degree of ability or disability may vary crosswise differen t life domains. Continued disability has been linked to institutionalization, discrimination and social exclusion as well as to the properties of disorders. Some disorders are linked to increased rates of attempted and/or completed suicide or self-harm especially if intervention does not take place.Even though often characterized in negative terms, some mental states labeled as disorders can also involve above-average creativity, non-conformity, goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy. Also the way the public sees and responds to disorders can change.

Importance of Art Education in Primary Schools

Importance of machination Education in Primary SchoolsArt is the quality, production, take oution, or realm, agree to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of to a greater extent than ordinary signifi ceasece. It is withal the class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria hunts of invention collectively, as paintings, sculptures, or bleedings.There may be a few variations in the microscopic naming of the activities it is generally accepted that the triumvirate of creating, performing and appreciating leap as a conceptual basis underlies all phases of trip the light fantastic toe preparation. (Davies, 2003)Why are the liberal arts important to one-year-old children?The role of the visual arts in azoic childhood command has long been recognised and valued as an inbred component of the programme. (Eckhoff, Angela, 2011) The arts consist of variation of appreciation. The incompatible forms art such as dancing, drawing and painting, performance art, sculpturing and many more. Art inescapably to be included in the schools curriculum and encompass the knowledge of the arts education to the children. Art appreciation can be inculcate to children at girlish age. Knowing and understanding of the arts may in any case help children to testify themselves in diverse originative art forms in which they are well-heeled in.Art nurtures the child to be inventiveness as it engages the child in a process that helps in the development of self-esteem, self-discip railway line, cooperation, and self-motivation. Childrens self-esteem exit remediate as there is not right or wrong in self creative creation. In this way, childrens are adapted to complete caper with self-discipline and longer patience in completing an art gentlemans gentleman regardless whether it is an drawing and painting piece or a dance and medicament piece. Working cooperatively leave as well as be deepen childrens patience such as dancing together with music and separate children to produce a wonderful piece of musical. Most importantly children inevitably to be self-motivated to expect the interest in arts.At times temporary hookup working with each other to produce an art piece also take ins problem solving, contributing ideas and respecting each other. Each child impart have to communicate in a variety ways to express their thoughts and produce the art piece they want it to be.The belief that art education should supercharge the childs creativity, resourcefulness, and expression did not mean that all previous pedagogies were replaced. (Jolley, 2010) vision helps children with expression in dancing and also helped in language to fetch the correct vocabulary to describe their expression. Childs creativity should not be forbid or corrected by the adults or educators. Updated pedagogies helps to improve and also work on the previous believes.Forms of artIn terms of aesthetic and creative education, dance has much to share with d rama, music and the visual arts. (Davies, 2003) Dancing is an occupation that needs time to work on and gain wide experience. It needs to work with choreographing of driveways and music together by trying out and penning the art piece.Performing can be taken to mean to do, to show, to dance, creating as making, trying out, or composing, while appreciation is the outcome of watching, viewing, talking just about and drawing about dance. (Davis, 2003) It may be an expressive dance in a drama which could be a class activity having children to have a discussion with their ideas and suggestions on how the characters should dance, facial expression , choosing the piece of music to express the mood of the scene and moving on with the music. Children would have trials and errors along the way in the making and appreciating in every part of the dance drama they have created. In terms of dancing consist of world a creator or maker, a viewer or looker or as a doer or performer. (Davies , 2003)Certain movement ideas frequently hired by in informal situations seem to endure together and can be utilised in dance. (Davis 2003) Educators on their part, they can facilitate the students by guiding exploring diametric ideas of movement such as running and leaping, turning and twisting, moving and stopping suddenly. Children will be able to choose the right movement they would want to include into their dance. Educators may also guide children choosing the instrument they would like to use for the movement using contrary sounds. For example, the sound of the fast ringing bells can be the movement of running. other form of art is drawing. Drawing from observation still represents a key component of statutory art education for children aged 5 to 14 years of age. (Jolley 2010 ) Drawing involves imagination and creativity and expression. Drawing helps children to express their thoughts with different kinds of lines and shapes.Observation also plays an important part in dr awing. For example, children may take note a stalk of flower or the movements of the grass when the wind blows and draw the expression of what they have observed using different lines. For example, curvy lines, corking lines and zig-zag lines. Once children are intromited to make representational drawings, rather than mere line and shape, they are often directed towards forms of subject matter such as cubes, cones, prisms, and so on, whether copies from pictures of three-dimensional models. (Jolley,2010) Children may also move to a higher(prenominal) level to explore drawing representational drawings with their imagination.Educators may guide children by introducing the drawing of different lines such as horizontal line, vertical line, wavy line and spiral line. Students will then apply what they have learnt in their drawings. Students will also need to be given opportunities to observe the surround around them , space for creativity and imagination.Children are then taught to d raw more controlled lines. (Jolley, 2010)Teachers go for PD?It will be beneficial for educators to undergo schooling attaining higher level certificate may also attend a more intensive and substantial art modules. In this way, it will accommodate the educators with more knowledge and understanding of art education. Educators will have fall in skills to guide the students and facilitate the child to explore the choices or methods he could use to express his art piece.School management may also encourage their educators to attend professional development to be equipped with updated skills and pedagogies. Student will not be bored with structured ways of teaching art and lessons are more enjoyable for students to learn.Arts education in the curriculum planning.According to the Ministry Of Education, Singapore, Kindergarten Curriculum Guide (KCG), aesthetics and creative expression is being part of integrated learning in the holistic development of the child. In the school planning, it has to include the childrens experiences in visual arts, music and movement allow children to be expressive, creative and imaginative. (Kindergarten Curriculum Guide, 2008) Therefore, it is essential to plan the schools curriculum according to the framework and arts will not be left out.In the schools curriculum, children are also taught to learn appreciation of visual arts and musical instruments. Children will be given chance to discuss about their take art works such as describing the lines , colours and shapes used. (Kindergarten Curriculum Guide) Children will also be given opportunity to appreciate, learn and explore the different sounds made by the instruments.ConclusionArt is important in young childrens education as it is one of the ways to help children to express themselves done different channels such as dance, drama and visual arts. Children need not to be afraid making mistakes as art promotes creativity, imagination and expressions.It is also essential to have ar ts education in the school, so as to have educators to guide the students and giving then opportunities to explore different kinds of art such as visual arts, drama and music and movement.

Distinction Between Marginal Cost And Incremental Cost Economics Essay

Distinction Between Marginal stop And Incremental Cost Economics Essay2) (a) What is the distinction amid borderline salute and additive damage? (b) How atomic number 18 sunk embodys treated in managerial last making? Why(a)Incremental salutes atomic number 18 closely connect to the concept of borderline woo simply with a relatively wider con nonation. go marginal damage refers to the change in meat be pass oning from producing an extra unit of proceeds, incremental woo refers to summarize redundant make up associated with the decision to expand come input or to add a new figure of growth etc. It represents the difference between two alternatives. So both be concerned with the change in the im authority salute where marginal cost refers to the amplification or decrease in that results from producing or distributing an add-onal unit of take and, incremental cost refers to the change in the total output as a result of change in the methods of issue or distribution much(prenominal) as addition of a proceeds or territory, map of improved technology or selection of a additional gross sales channel.(b)A sunk cost is a cost that has been already incurred and can non be changed or altered by every decision watch now or in future. For example , once it is decided to make incremental investment expenditure and funds ar allocated and spent, all antedate cost are considered as sunk cost. Such cost are based on prior commitment and cannot be revised or recovered when there is a change in market causation or in art decision makings. The sunk cost are ignored in managerial decision making as they are irrelevant cost which forget not affect the decision. Suppose a keep company paid $50000 to purchase machinery five years back. The machine was utilize to produce for last few years and now it is obsolete and no hankerer can be sold .The amount paid is already incurred and cannot be recovered. So the cost of the obsolete mach ine impart not be considered in making managerial decisions.(8) What shape of the LAC wriggle has been prime in many empirical studies? What does this mean for the survival of miniscule squares in the patience? conclude In the empirical studies the shape of long trial movement come cost curve to be L-shaped with a scale of economics . This means largest firms tend to consider cost advantage and the industry tends to fix monopoly which is called natural monopoly. The L-shaped shows that per unit producing a harvest-festival winnow out initially and and thus forms L- shaped which cost advantage for longer period resulting to economies of scale collectable to optimum utilization of recourses. It was believed that economics outstrips diseconomies of scale as firms expand from small size up to a certain size. For the smaller firms in the industry depart face diseconomies of scale and no economic earn as there will be lesser amount of recourses and output take aim.As marginal cost are raising puzzle out of rate of out and move function of the saturation.(9) (a) What is the meaning of economies of mountain chain? How do they differ from economies of scale? (b) What do learnedness curves show? How do they differ from economies of scale? What is the usefulness of eruditeness curves as a managerial dick? What is the contend for rising worldwide trade in inputs and the use of external skilled labor? answer(a) Economies of scope exist if a firm can produce some(prenominal) product lines at a given output level more(prenominal) cheaply than a combination of separate firms each producing a sensation product at the same output level. Economies of scope occur where it is cheaper to produce awider range of products quite an than specialize in just a handful of products. Expanding the product range toexploit the value of existing brandsis a good way of exploiting economies of scope. E.g. Amazon expanding into selling toys, sports goods or McDo nalds expanding the range of their products to take salads and health foods. Economies of scope is relatively a new approach to business strategy, and is heavily based on the development of high technology. Economies of scale are reductions in honest be imputable to production volume increments. Economies of scope differ from economies of scale in that a firm receives a cost advantage by producing a complementary variety of products with a preoccupancy on a core competency. While economies of scope and scale are often despoticly correlated and interdependent, strictly speaking the clears from scope have little to do with the size of output.(b)The aircraft industry was the first to develop the learning curve. The curve that represents the declining trend in the long run bonny cost of production is called the learning curve. Economies of scale is the are the reduction in reasonable cost as the result of increase in production volume whereas learning curve shows the graphical presentation of the falling average cost curve with respect to increase in production. The learning curve is widely apply by business managers and serves as an important managerial tool to foresee and predict the possible trend in long run average cost of production and plan production accordingly. The basic purpose behind the use learning curve is to forecast the unit cost with cumulative increase in output. It is as well used to forecast manpower, machinery, poppycock needs of the company, to fall and quote the future competitive toll of the product and for planning production.(c) International trade is the exchange of goods, services and capital crossways the international territory or borders. The use of contrasted labor will be more costly due to the reason that borders imposes additional cost such as tariffs , time costs due to border delays and costs associated field difference . A progress in the use of foreign skilled labor will have a direct impingement in the i nternational trade resulting in an increase in the imports which whitethorn affect the balance of trade.Chapter 7 Problems2) precondition the adjacent total cost schedule of a firm, (a) derive the total frozen cost and total variable cost schedule of the firm, and from them derive the average set cost, average variable cost, average total cost, and marginal cost schedules of the firm.Q 0 1 2 3 4 5TC $30 50 60 81 118 clxxx exercise come in cost = Total fixed cost +Total variable costMarginal cost= Total cost of producing additional unit total cost of producing the front unit. honest variable cost=Total variable cost/ chassis of units clean fixed cost=Total fixed cost / arm of unitsTotal average cost=Average fixed cost + Average variable costQ 0 1 2 3 4 5TC $30 50 60 81 118 180TFC $30 30 30 30 30 3TVC $0 20 30 51 88 150MC $ 20 10 21 37 62ATC $ 50 30 27 29.5 36AFC $ 30 15 10 7.5 6AVC $ 20 15 17 22 363) air duct Express has an evening escape cock from Los Angeles to New Y ork with an average of 80 passengers and a save course the adjacent afternoon with an average of 50 passengers. The plan makes no other trip. The vex for the plane remaining in New York overnight is $1, two hundred and would be $0 in Los Angeles. The airline is considering eliminating the night charge out of Los Angeles and replacing it with a morning leak. The estimated number of passengers is 70 in the morning flight and 50 in the come about afternoon flight. The one-way ticket is $200 for any flight. The operate cost of the plane for each flight is $11,000. The fixed costs for the plane are $3000 a twenty-four hourslight whether it flies or not.3(a) interest calculate and compare the profit under each flight. 3(b) is asking should airway Express continue providing the flight between Los Angeles and New York. Even Airway Express decides not to fly, it still have to pay the fixed costs of $3,000 per day. repartee-Given,Cost of the ticket =$200Operating cost =$11,000Fixe d cost=$3000Overnight charge=$1,200Total cost = $11,000+$3,000+$1,200=$15,200I. service for the evening flight from Los Angeles to New York which has average passengers of 80 and cost of the tickets is given as $200 so the average revenue will be $16,000.Profit=Revenue-Cost$16,000-$15,200$800Thus, average Profit for the flight is $800II. Profit for the afternoon flight next day from New York to Los Angeles carrying average passengers of 50, so the average revenue will be $myriadProfit=$10,000 -$15,200-5,200The fight is showing average loss of $5,200III. Profit for the morning flight eliminating with the night flight from Los Angeles to New York carrying an average passengers of 70, the revenue will be $14,000.Cost of operation =fixed cost + operating cost$3,000+$11,000$14000Profit=Revenue earned cost incurred$14000 $14000$0The flight is nor earning average profit or average loss.IV. Profit for the afternoon flight from New York to Los Angeles with estimated passengers of 50, the revenue will be $10,000Profit=$10,000-$14000$4000The flight is subject loss of $4000.(b)The Airway express flying evening flight from Los Angeles is earning a profit of $800 with average passengers of 80 and whereas incurring loss of $5,200 in the return trip. In the next case, the airline is making no profit and no loss in the morning flight from Los Angeles to New York, whereas making a loss of $4000 in the return trip . The airline should discontinue providing flights between Los Angeles and New York. Although, it has a fixed cost of $3000 per day which come to $90,000 but the airline will be incurring huge cost of $14000 per day which comes to $42, 00,000 in a month. So it would be a break in preference to discontinue the operation of the airline from Los Angeles to New York.4) Electric profit companies ordinarily operate their most modern and efficient equipment continuously (i.e. around the clock) and use their previous(a) less efficient equipment only to meet periods o f peak consider.4(a) go out the short-run marginal cost decrease or increase?Answer Electric Utility firms retire old plants, modernize generating units, and occasionally build new plants, generally after a lengthy period of licensing, regulatory review, and construction. But this not possible in short run as in short run there are fixed factors which cannot be changed in short run as they tend to use their older less efficient equipment to meet the periods of peak demand. In Electric utility companies variable cost consist mainly zippo costs. Fixed cost are the cost which cannot be changed with the level of output and in voltaic utility companies fixed are analogues to capacity cost. As a result the marginal cost in the short run decreases . The reason is the marginal cost curve will turn up when utility will be forced to less efficient during on peak-periods.11) The Goldberg-Scheinman Publishing association is publishing a new managerial economics text for which it has estima ted the following total fixed and average variable costsTotal fixed costsCopy editing $10,000Typesetting $70,000Selling and promotion $20,000Total fixed cost $100,000Average Variable costPrinting and binding $6Administrative costs $2Sales commission $1 bookstall discounts $7Authors royalties $4Average variable cost $20 escort selling determine $30Determine the breakeven output and total sales revenues. (b) Determine the output that would generate a total profit of $60,000 and the total sales revenues at that output level.Answer(a)At the breakeven point is the point where cost and revenue are equal.CalculationsBreakeven point (sales) =Fixed cost/(Selling bell -Variable cost)=$100,000/($30-$20)=$10,000Breakeven output=$10,000/$30=333.3 units(b)Sales=Variable cost + fixed cost +profit=$20+$100000+$60000=$160020Output level-$160020/$30=5334 units.Chapter 8 Discussion2) (a) Under what conditions should a firm continue to produce in the short run if it incurs losses at the outperform level of output? (b) Are the convening returns on investment included as part of costs or as part of profits in managerial economics? WhyAnswerIn short run, there is only one variable input (labor) and other inputs (especially capital) are held constant. In other words, the size of labor may increase or decrease but the capital and other inputs will remain fixed. If the Incurs losses at its best level of output then, the firm should try to reduce marginal cost and operate at the level where marginal and average product are positive or increasing. If price falls down the stairs average total cost, but remains to a higher place average variable cost, the firm will continue to operate in the short run, producing the sum whereMR=MCdoing so minimizes its losses. Whereas If price falls below average variable cost, the firm will shut down in the short run, reducing output to nothing. The lowest point on the average variable cost curve is called the shutdown point.(b)Normal returns on investment is also referred as normal profit, is the level of profit required to keep the booked in a particular activity .The normal rate of return is the Average profit necessary to attract and retain investment .A normal rate of return, or profit, is necessary to induce individuals to invest funds rather than spend them for current pulmonary tuberculosis. Normal profit is simply a cost for capital as it is no different from the cost of other recourses (materials, energy or labor).As a result , the normal rate of return are included as a part of cost in managerial economics.8) What happen to the Dollar price that a U.S. (a) importer pays and (b) exporter receives if prices are agreed in Euros and the Dollar then appreciates by 10 percent with respect to the Euro?AnswerThe exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another. If the importer pays i.e. in dollars to the foreign country and the value of the foreign country currency is devalued the dollar value of promised payment will fall. Whereas if the foreign currency value appreciates the dollar value of the promised payment will rise resulting to a disfavor to the importer country.If prices are agreed in Euros and the Dollar then appreciates by 10 percent with respect to the Euro and the exporters pay, the value of the promised payment will fall.13) (a) What are the choice-related variables for a firm under monopolistic aspiration? (b) What is non-price competition? (c) Product Variation? (d) Selling expenses?Answer(a)Monopolistic competition is defined as market setting in which large number of sellers sells differentiated products. A firm will produce output where MR=MC. The consumers are willing to purchase given amount of product for the given price. The price is determined by demand curve. In short run firms can give positive profits .Positive profits encourages new firms to enter in the market. In the long run due to the entrance of new firms economic profit is zero i.e. P=AC . The main objective of firms under monopolistic competition is profit maximization.(b)Non price competition- The market situation in which firms or the competitors will not lower the price for a fear of price war. So, instead they focusing on extensive promotion to highlight distinctive features or benefit of the products. It refers to the competition among firms that choose to distinguish between their products on the basis of attribute, conception are non price means e.g. promotions, style etc. It is often used by firms that want to differentiate between virtually identical products. The reason for this is that firms are that operate in monopolistic competition are the price taker as they do not have the influence in ever-changing the price of their goods. Consequently to distinguish themselves they use the strategy of non price such as product innovation and advertisement.(c) Product innovations-Product variation is the change in the product properties or features in timing. For example, passenger cars companies bring new models out in the exiting classs e.g. Gulf I, gulf II. Product variation is the modification by changing one or more features of the product to enhance consumer apostrophize .It will provide a competitive advantage as the company may be able to charge a higher price and enhance loyalty. The variation is made on quality, performance and design. The product variation is, thus, the improvements in the existing product line with new features, appearance, better quality, better performance etc giving a new outlook to it.(d)Selling expenses-Selling expenses are the part of operating expenses along with administrative expenses. Selling expense is the cost incurred to sell or distribute merchandise .Selling expenses includes advertising, sales commission, promotional materials distributed, salaries and fringe benefits of sales personnel , rent of sales office, utilities usage in the sales department.Chapter 8 Problems-2) Starting with the mar ket demand and supply functions in Problem 1, determine algebraically the new equilibrium price and quantity if the demand function changes to QD= 12,000- 1,000P or to QD= 8,000- 1,000P. (b) the market supply function changes to QS*= -4,000+1,000P or to QS**= 1,000P.SolutionWe go , at the equilibrium point Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded i.e. QD=QS or QS=QDWe have,QD=10000-1000PQS= -2000-1000PIf demand function changes to QD=12000-1000P or QD=8000-1000We get ,12000-1000P=2000-1000P-1000P+1000P= -12000P-2000P P = 12000P= 12000The new equilibrium price will be $12000BY substituting the value of P in the demand function and supply function,12000-1000(12000)=-2000-1000(12000)12000-120,00,000= -2000-120,00,00014000The new equilibrium quantity is 14000For market supply function, QS= 4000 +1000P or QS=1000PNow, the equation will be10000-1000P=-4000+1000P-1000P-1000P= -4000- 10000-P= -14000P=14000The equilibrium price is $16000By substituting the value of P, will be ,10000-10 00P=1000P10000-1000(16000)=-4000+1000(16000)10000-140,00,000=-4000+140,00,0006000The equilibrium quantity will be 60007) From Figure 8-4, determine the effect of a 33 percent import tariff on commodity X.* The tariff-inclusive price will be $3(1+.33) = $4. What are the impacts of tariff on house servant consumption, domestic production, imports, and governings tariff revenue? Please show the numbers, for example, the domestic consumption will decrease from 600X to 500X.Solution The tariff inclusive price will be $3(1+.33)=$4 , the price of the commodity will be $4 and as a result the price of the commodity X will rise from $3 to $4.Tariff is a tax added to the costs import goods and sometimes to exported goods. The domestic consumption will decrease due to the addition of tariff which will result to an increase in the price of the commodity. As the price of the commodity will increase, the demand for the commodity will decline which will result in a reduction in consumption from 60 0X to 500X. The domestic production will increase as the producers in the importation country will experience an increase in well-being as a result of tariff from 200X to 300X. The increase in the price of their product on the domestic market increases producer surplus in the industry. The government activity tariffs revenue will increase as a result of increase in tariffs as governments receives the tariff and also depends on the way how the government spends.9) Starting from Figure 8-6 showing the short-run price and output tendency by the monopolist, suppose that the average fixed costs of the monopolist increase by $5 and that its AVC is $6 less than the new ATC at the best level of output.ATC=AFC+AVC. After AFC increases by $5, ATC will increase by $5 (ATC curve moves up vertically by $5 for every output Q) and MC, D and MR stay the same. The AFC for 500 units is $6, in other words, the TFC is $3,000.Answer Average total cost-Average fixed cost + Average variable costGiven A TC=$8, a increase in average fixed cost $5 and AVC is $6 less then,After the increase in AFC the ATC will be appreciated by $5 as a result of this ATC curve will move upwards vertically by $5 for every level of output. The best level of out is where MC=MR which is 500 units. AFC for best level of output i.e. 500 is $6 and TFC is $30,000.

Inappropriate Use of Social Media in Healthcare

unbefitting Use of kindly Media in healthcareThe speedy growth and widespread recitation of complaisant media has changed the behavior umteen mass communicate and touch knowledge. Social media implicate various websites such as Facebook and cheep which are the two closely popular societal networking rearrs, video sharing websites like YouTube, a class of blogs which en fitted riding habitrs to post their own articles and on the wholeow visitors to leave feedback, news forums and other healthy-disposed networking platforms of communication that people can use for educational or other purposes.In recent years a huge issuance of people around the world defend up become active users of loving media. Network of Global Agenda Councils Reports (2011-2012) showed that worldwide more than 1.2 billion of people use companionable media, a number that accounts for 82% of all profit users around the world (Councils, 2012). M some(prenominal)(prenominal) of these users explore net in coordinate to access health check culture and other to care their concerns around health link up issues or to seek out health check treatment. Furthermore many an(prenominal) health care professionals such as physicians, pharmacists and nurses use social media as a platform of communication to promote affected role health and safety as well as an education tool (Frances Griffiths, 2012).However irresponsible and debauch use of social media can result to a number of grim situations. Both healthcare providers and endurings should be aware of the risks of using social platforms of communication. potential risks among others include the breach of in-person entropy, the unexclusiveation of poor quality medical examination checkup information and the underestimation concerning the seriousness of a situation from a healthcare professional every referable to lack of adequate information or due to provision of incorrect or inaccurate data provided by a tolerant during an online reference book (Harlow, 2012).In UK there is non any specific guidance provided from the Health and Care Professions Council, moreover it has been made lay down that social media should be utilize within the relevant standards of conduct, performance and ethics. It recognises that social networking is a valuable way to communicate and share information except also points out that the healthcare professionals who forget decide to use it as part of their work essential make sure that will check off with honesty and integrity for the best interest of the public protecting enduring confidentiality and exhibiting their professionalism at all times (Health Professions Council Newsletter Issue 34 April 2011). provided in the early(prenominal) have been reported many incidents of inappropriate use of social media and unprofessional behaviour where patients individual(prenominal) data tell on the internet without their consent or cases where patient s offended because of comments made from other users related to their health status. Guardian reported that between 2008 and 2011, were carried out 72 bankrupt actions by 16 religions against staff for inappropriate use of social media. more or less of these cases were related to the breach of personal data and some other were associated either with posting of racists or sex comments or with sharing of inappropriate pictures and videos by dint of public internet forums. These incidences encouraged British Medical Association to provide guidance to its members about how to use social media in an appropriate way. (Laja, 2011).The use of social media allows patients to interact with healthcare professionals in a rapid and efficient way. Also gives them the ability to participate on their own care in orderliness to manage their health and monitor their treatment by having right away access to medical journals and having view of assorted treatment options before and during refer ence from their doctor and by using health related online applications. Likewise social media employ from healthcare professionals to connect with individuals from different geographical areas in order to contribute on their health repairment by providing them with medical documents and by creating coverion forums on health related topics. This advantage gave them the opportunity to overstate their activities introducing new services such as the online consultation and the provision of different treatment options at low cost. There are cases where social media used to promote communication both among patients and among Healthcare Professionals. Patients have the ability to share their concerns and discuss about common indispositions or possible medical treatments and on the other hand Healthcare Professionals are enabled to share information, experiences and ideas supporting their womb-to-tomb learning (KPMG, 2011).Some social networking platforms are free to the public but to some other the patients will have to pay if they need an online consultation by a healthcare professional or if they wish to discuss and share their concerns with other healthcare providers or other patients that suffering from the aforementioned(prenominal) condition. In UK operate websites like NetDoctor.co.uk which is provided and operated by National Health attend (NHS) and offer a wide range of services such as pregnancy email service and online doctor diagnosis from registered UK-based General practitioners, discussion forums and online applications like symptom checker that help patients to get a soften understanding of their healthcare needs. NHS in UK uses social media in order to improve public health by providing health related information through with(predicate) NHS choices. Also it has been integrated to other social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to promote its services and offer a broad spectrum of applications. For instance online healthy life styl e advisor, smoking secession programmes and body mass advocator (BMI) health weight calculator.These services and applications enable patients to decide whether or non they require visiting a doctor for further advice retaining their privacy. However this way of communication can be very ineffective, as examining and interpreting medical notes without the availability of a full medical history and with the absence of tangible exams can be a serious threat to the patient (Britton, 2012). In addition diagnosis can become unreliable due to lack of information and accuracy of data provided by the patient or due to underestimation of the seriousness of the situation, making online consultation inferior to a wait to face consultation.Internet usage statistics showed that the adults that are active users of Facebook and Twitter in UK come to 37.4 million and 15.5 million respectively (Ayres, 2012). Considering this amount of people it is thriving to understand how important is for Hea lthcare Professionals to use social media wisely and with professionalism.Inappropriate use of social media can affect healthcares personal and professional life. galore(postnominal) of them choose to disclose patients personal data for detecting an easily accessible online medical record for personal use but they are unaware that many of that information (including videos or pictures) they upload on the internet in some cases can be accessed, used and spread from the general public without deem (Thompson LA, 2008).It is therefore Healthcare professionals ethical and legal responsibility to protect patient confidentiality at all times on the internet as well as to other media. Some social networking platforms give the ability to the users to behave privacy settings in order to prevent uncontrolled distribution of data and to put restrictions to individuals seeking access to information that have been chosen to be kept private (Thompson LA, 2008).However concerns have been raised in the past related to protection of personal data. Many social networks upload and share data without considering any legal or ethical considerations. Publishing personal information of patients without their consent can result to legal implications. In UK entropy Protection Act limits healthcare providers from disclosing any personal information without patient consent with few exemptions. According Data Protection Act (1998) all personal data should be fairly and lawfully processed, they should be used for limited and specific purposes in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive, they should be accurate, held up to date and for no longer than its necessary and lastly should be kept safe and not transferred to countries without adequate date protection. today social media have become an integral part of our lives. General public uses them to obtain health related information, to connect with other users with the intention to discuss issues concerning their health, to g et educated by reading medical documents so that will get a better understanding of their condition or their disease and to pursue new treatment options in a fast and loud way. Social media have also become an essential way for healthcare professionals to provide their services in order to improve and monitor patient needs such as the online consultation. On the other hand the rapid and uncontrolled sharing of information can result to potential risks and have negative impact to the provision of health care and personal lives of both patients and healthcare professionals. Breach of personal data protection, publication of untrustworthy medical documents and faulty consultation due to lack of evidence can be some of the pitfalls that users may face.In order to avoid these drawbacks both patients and healthcare professionals need to understand the limitations of the use of social media. Creating bounds between personal and professional use of social media is essential. Healthcare pro fessionals who choose to interact with patients online must maintain appropriate boundaries concerning the relations between them. For instance, they should not discuss about health related matters on a friendly but scarce on a professional level.Additionally in order to reassure that high quality information is provided and that a conversation between a patient and a healthcare professional will have a positive outcome, both of them must build a relationship of trust by being precise and honest to each other regarding the information they share. This will cause the patient to capitalize on the doctors consultation appropriately and follow essential tips for a better result and will make it easier to healthcare professional to give the most appropriate advice. Also in my opinion healthcare professionals should provided share medical documents that based on scientific studies while patients should consult their health provider before winning any action based on information obtai ned using social media.There are personal data that should not be allowed to be shared through social media as it is very likely patients to be offended. So individuals who use social networking platforms, especially for medical purposes should be able to consider whether is safe or not to share their data with the public. Healthcare professionals must recognize that they have an ethical and legal obligation to maintain patient privacy and confidentiality at all times and need to be aware that social media cannot be completed safe for protecting the information they share. For this reason they should use social networking platforms that privacy settings can be set and are secure to the highest level.Finally I believe that healthcare professionals should be restricted from disclosing patient personal information on public internet forums and any health related data should be safeguarded and be disclosed only to the patient or other healthcare professionals if its necessary and only f or the use of medical purposes and with the consent of the patient.

Management Principles in the Construction Industry

Management Principles in the Construction IndustryTask 1 Management Techniques (1.1, 1.2, 1.3)Define and attri plainlye three established definitions of concernFredrick Taylor detect that deformers were practically working beneath their potential and he designed a four stage method to overcome this problemBreak the trade into its sm every last(predicate)est elementsSelect the most qualified employees to do the job and train them to do it.Monitor the employees to reckon that they follow the prescribed methods.Continue in this mood, simply only champion-valued function the employees that perform the work salutary.In 1911, Taylor published dogmas of scientific circumspection in which he described methods of work designed to make for up productiveness. M any studies were performed at the Bethlehem leaf blade companionship in Pittsburgh where he examined the while and motion details of work operations. He developed split up methods for execute specific tasks and tr ained the workers to perform them.In one experiment he increased the make of a worker loading pig campaign onto a rail car. He broke the task d experience into its sm each(prenominal)est operations, clock each one with a stopwatch. The task was so redesigned, reducing the itemize of movements as well as the effort required and the potential sources of error. land breaks were introduced at specific intervals for a specified duration and a derivative pay scale was in any case used to improve the production pass judgment.The workers specify upput rate increased from 12 to 47 tons per dayTaylor was cognize as the father of scientific circumspection.Frank (1868 to 1924) and Lillian (1878-1972) GilbrethThe Gilbreths, a husband and wife multitude, developed federal agencys to increase workers output. They believed that it was possible to design work methods whose durations could be estimated in advance, quite than utilise time studies found on observation. oneness of his studies related to bricklaying. He filmed all of the required movements to perform the task. This enabled him to tempt the tasks that made up each stage of the process.As a result, he designed and patented special scaffolding to reduce the amount of diversion and reaching. This changed an 18 stage process into a five stage process, increase productiveness by around 200%.The Gilbreths defined motion take in as breaking work down into its fundamental elements, studying the elements both(prenominal) separately and both in relation to each other so as to minimise waste.They defined time study as a scientific analysis of methods and equipment used for a task, development of the high hat way of doing it and determination of the time required to perform it.Frank Gilbreth is bopn as the father of time and motion studies.Administrative ManagementAdministrative perplexity considers the running of the total organisation. Some of the study contributors arHenri Fayol (1841 to 1925) was a cut engineer.Fayol was the first to distinguish the four management functions homeworkOrganisingLeading imperativeFayol was known as the father of modern managementHis principles of management included, category of work, authority and responsibility, discipline and genial club, sensation of bid and straightawayion, subordination of individualist lodge ins to general goals, job security and remuneration of personnel.Max Weber (1864 to 1920) was a German sociologist and economistWeber outlined the model of bureaucratism. He saw bureaucracy as the most logical and appropriate structure for large organisations. Bureaucracies be based on authority which comes from justness, procedures, rules, etc.He believed that efficiency in bureaucracies comes fromHierarchical structureClearly defined and specialised job functions physical exercise of strict and taxonomic rules and proceduresAppointment of employees to job based and technical expertisePromotions of employees based on c ompetenceClearly defined c argoner pathsHis work is the foundation of con jury-rigged organisation theory.Mary parker Fol allowt (1868 to 1933) was an Ameri butt joint lecturer and management consultantFollets concepts includedThe universal goalThe universal goal of organisations is an integration of individual effort into that of the whole company.The universal principleThe universal principle involves reciprocal response emphasising feedback to the sender, ( the concept of two way communication).The law plazaThe law of the mooring emphasises that in that compliance is non a single best way of doing anything, but that it all depends on the situation.Behavioural or human relationsManagement, which appe atomic number 18d in the 1920s, dealt with the human aspects of the organisations. Initially, it was a reaction to the shortcomings of the classical theories of management.Behavioural research began with the Hawthorne studies which were conducted between 1924 and 1933 at the Hawt horne plant of the western electric company in Cicero, Illinois by Elton mayo and his colleagues.Elton Mayo (1880 to 1949)Mayo believed that work satisfaction depends to a greater extent on working conditions and attitudes than on the level of remuneration. He rejected Taylorism and that work should be considered as a group application.He proposed that workers needed recognition of their efforts and tnat a gumption of belonging was more important than the physical working conditions.Mayo place the Hawthorne effect. This is the bias that occurs when populate know that they argon existence observed.The Hawthorne studiesThe Hawthorne studies included the b regenerateness experiments.The aim of these studies was to investigate the effect of operating conditions on productivity. Illumination experiments were carried out to establish whether better lighting conditions would lead to increased productivity.It was found that employees productivity increased whether the light were tu rned up or down. However, the increased productivity was found to be a result of the attention received by the group, not the working conditions.Another study found that employees do not work as fast as they can when they atomic number 18 being paid piece rate wages. Instead, they pull up stakes perform informally to a level set by the group.The conclusion was that there was no direct cause and effect between operating conditions and productivity. Worker attitude and confederate pressure was found to be more important.1.2Explain the principles and processes of management foretellingThe Principles and forecasting of ManagementPrinciples of ManagementThe principles areTo commandMaintain the activity among the personnel.ForecastingTo be able to predict the outcomes of line of business behaviour or persistence sector finished the use of experience, qualification or with the use of statistics or other previous records.(The go to place for management)Forecasting is an strong reci tal use as a starting point for management cooking and finish making. General types of forecasting include trend examination, regress analysis, Delphi technique, time series analysis, correlation, exponential smoothing, and input-output analysis.Daily business intend readiness is an incredibly effective way for handlers to stay focused on achieving their own goals and the goals of the organization for which they represent.OrganisingBuild up the structure, both material and human, of the undertaking.MotivatingTo push and inspire other to carry out tasks or jobs to be immaculate and principal(prenominal)tain momentum or the working pace of the operatives.Controlling comprehend that e precisething occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed command.Coordinating covering fire together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort.CommunicatingHenri Fayol published 14 principles of management these principles are(Fayol)Division of Work. Specialization allows the individual to build up experience, and to unceasingly improve his skills. Thereby he can be more productive.Authority. The right to issue commands, along with which essential go the balanced responsibility for its function.Discipline. Employees must(prenominal) obey, but this is two-sided employees will only obey night clubs if management ply their part by providing good leading. agreement of Command. Each worker should take a shit only one boss with no other conflicting lines of command.Unity of Direction. People engaged in the same kind of activities must moderate the same objectives in a single plan. This is essential to ensure unity and coordination in the enterprise. Unity of command does not exist without unity of heed but does not of necessity flow from it.Subordination of individual interest (to the general interest). Management must see that the goals of the firms are always paramount.Remuneration. salary is an important motivator although by analyzing a number of possibilities, Fayol points out that there is no such thing as a perfect system.centralisation (or Decentralization). This is a matter of degree depending on the condition of the business and the tint of its personnel.Scalar chain (Line of Authority). A hierarchy is necessary for unity of direction. only lateral communication is also fundamental, as long as superiors know that such communication is taking place. Scalar chain refers to the number of levels in the hierarchy from the ultimate authority to the lowest level in the organization. It should not be over-stretched and consist of too-many levels.Order. Both material order and social order are necessary. The former minimizes lost time and use slight handling of materials. The last mentioned is carry outd through organization and selection.Equity. In running a business a combination of kindliness and justice is needed. Treating employees well is important to achieve equity. constancy of Tenure of Personnel. Employees work b etter if job security and career shape up are assured to them. An insecure tenure and a high rate of employee turnover will affect the organization adversely.Initiative. Allowing all personnel to show their initiative in some way is a source of enduringness for the organization. Even though it may well involve a devote of individualised vanity on the part of many managers.Esprit de Corps. Management must foster the morale of its employees. He further suggests that real talent is needed to coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each persons abilities, and reward each ones be without aro exploitation possible jealousies and disturbing harmonious relations.1.3 notice the motivational needfully of individuals and groups, attractership styles and concepts of team working.motivational NeedsOrganization of goals, function within increment to ideals among employees, teams and company is the generally essential part of motivation. The better the arrangement and person-to-person union with organizational aim, the healthier the podium for incentive.Anywhere persons find it severely to support and unite with the organizational aims, and then mainly motivational ideas and actions will have a reduced level of success.Motivation is a uncorrectable subject. It differentiates for each person.Motivational receptivity and potential in everyone differs from day to day, from situation to situation. Get the alignment and values right, and motivational methods work out better. Motivational methods of every sort will not work if some people or organisations are not aligned. People are more interested or gravitate towards something they can relate to and something they can believe in. clock have changed. People want more.Motivational and inspirational quotes, poems, posters, motivational speakers and stories, team building games and activities, all develop employee motivation for sales and business faculty in all kinds of organizations. Motivational and inspirational experiences improve employees attitudes, confidence and performance. lead stylesCharismatic leadingCharismatic attracters use a full range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender aver through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the call forth of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body languageas well as verbal language.Participative LeadershipA Participative Leader, rather than taking ascendent lasts, seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Often, however, as it is within the managers whim to give or deny control to his or her subordinates, most participative activity is within the immediate team. The question of how much capture others are given thus may vary on the managers preferences and beliefs, and a whole spectrum of participation is possible, as in the table below.Situational leadershipThe best action of the leader depends on a range of situational factors.When a decision is needed, an effective leader does not just fall into a single preferred style, such as using transactionalor transformationalmethods. In practice, as they say, things are not that simple.Factors that affect situational decisions include motivation and capability of followers. This, in turn, is bear upon by factors within the finical situation. The relationship between followers and the leader may be another factor that affects leader behaviour as much as it does follower behaviour.Transactional LeadershipThe transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for avocation orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place.The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the take on whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinates manager) gets authority over the subordinate.When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully answerable for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future day that will incline and convert potential followers. This vision may be developed by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. The important factor is the leader buys into it, hook, line and sinker.The undermentioned step, which in fact never stops, is to constantly sell the vision. This takes energy and commitment, as few people will immediately buy into a nucleotide vision, and some will join the show much more tardily than others. The Transformational Leader thus takes every opportunity and will use any(prenominal) works to convince others to climb on board the bandwagon.In order to create followers, the Transformational Leader has to be very careful in creating trust, and their personal integrity is a critical part of the package that they are selling. In effect, they are selling themselves as well as the vision.The quiet LeaderThe approach of quiet leaders is the antithesis of the classic charismatic(and often transformational) leaders in that they base their success not on ego and force of shell but on their thoughts and actions. Although they are strongly task-focused, they are neither bullies nor unnecessarily unkind and may persuade people through rational blood line and a form of benevolent Transacti onal Leadership. handmaid LeadershipIt is easy to drop down servant leadership as soft and easy, though this is not necessarily so, as individual followers may be expected to make sacrifices for the good of the whole, in the way of the servant leader.The focus on the less privileged in society shows the servant leader as component not just their followers but also the whole of society.Servant leadership is a natural model for working in the humanity sector. It requires more careful interpretation in the private sector lest the unavoidably of the shareholders and customers and the rigors of mart competition are lost.Task 2 Leading by Example (2.1, 2.5, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)2.1Describe in outline the main securities manufactures, activities and services provided by the mental synthesis and built environment sector.The Main MarketsNew build accommodateThe trapping market is the supply and demandfor homes, normally in a particular country or county, a primary element of the housing m arket is the average house prices and activity in house prices.The availability of housing and the amount of housing stock fluctuates house prices sectors include the rented sector. Buy to let investment and the requirement from tenants, government intervention controls and Influences the Housing market elicit rates also influence the cost of erratic mortgages market conditions and mortgage activity, plays an important part in whether people are eligible for mortgages pecuniary occur, incomes and unemployment rates population and geographic trends also have influences in this market placeThe UK Housing Market is habitually unpredictable because of a human body of factors. The UK Housing market often has influence over wider deliverance. E.g. when house prices are decreasing, consumer spending tends to fall because the housing market always dictates for the economy and individual homeowners, it is essential to try and predict or foresee the future movements in the housing market. Industrial Commercial MarketsThis industry consists of units generally set-aside(p) in the construction and development of commercial-grade and industrial non-residential buildings. This category also consists of elements occupied in carrying out additions, alterations or renovations or general repairs or remodelling to commercial and industrial buildings or in organising or managing the construction. Establishments mainly engaged in the construction of institutional non-residential buildings such as schools hospitals and other government buildings. al-Qaida MarketsThe general dependable systemsof a community or countries population, including utilities, water, sewage, roads, etc. These systems are considered paramount for enabling growthin an economy. Building and developing an basis often requires extensive investment, but the economies of scaletend to be significant.2.5Define and explain the application of a cathexis statement, strategy, corporate planning, policy and object ives to the activities of a practice or firmA mission statement is a formal short statement of the intention of a company or organisation. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organisation, mend out its overall goal, provide a sense of direction, and guide decision making. It provides the framework or context within which the companys strategies are formulated.Historically it is associated with Christian religious groups indeed, for many years a missionary was assumed to be a person on a specifically religious mission. The rule book mission dates from 1598, originally of Jesuits sending members abroad.Corporate planningCorporate planning is the continuas process of making present risk-taking decisions systematically and with the greatest knowledge of their future tense organising systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions, and measuring the results of these decisions against the expectations through cabald, systematic feedback. mean at the hi ghest level in an organisation, involving an analysis of the current situation, the backing of objectives, the formulation of strategies and tactics, implementation and evaluation.4.3Describe what is meant by multi discipline non adversarial working in image teams (Lathem Report).Multi discipline means a person firm of group offering multiple disciplines in which they specialize. If a task requires more than one type of specialist/function, it requires multi-disciplined group or person.Non- adversarialmeans there is a gist of co operation, a passive stance, the parties are willing to reach a mutually satisfying resolution to a problem. There is persuasion rather than coercion.The Lathem fieldThe Lathem narration was an influential report written by sir Michael Lathem. outfit by the United Kingdom Government and industry to review procurance and contr unfeigned arrangements in the construction industry. It tackled the most controversial issues facing the industry during a peri od of lapse in growth as a whole.The Lathem report of July 1994 was sponsored by UK Government and industry following several under the weather performing bulges. The inefficiencies identified pointed to the need for partnering and collaboration in the construction sector. The Lathem report 1994 constructing the team a joint industry government report was based on a simple concept that through teamwork the construction industry could delight its consumers. The report acted as a wake up with all the urgency of an emergency siren. This was a report that had to be listened to, the industry couldnt but help but hear the cries for reform. The industry was ineffective, adversarial, fragmented, and incapable of delivering for its customers and lacking respect for its employees more than just ringing alarm bells the Lathem report set the agenda for reform and gave the industry targets. From this a raft of initiatives flowed. The report led to the disposal of the construction industry bo ard to oversee reform and subsequent initiatives were the Egan report 1998 Rethinking construction the construction best practice programme, The movement for innovation and construction excellence all designed to drive the industry forward.4.4Evaluate the concept of sharing best practice and benchmarking the performance of a practice/firms activities outdo practice is a method or technique, method, process, activity, incentive, or reward that is believed to be more effective at delivering a particular outcome than any other technique, method, process, etc. When applied to a particular condition or fact. The idea is that with proper processes, check, and testing, a desired outcome can be delivered with fewer problems or unforeseen circumstances, best practice can also be defined as the most efficient and effective way of accomplishing a task , based upon repeatable procedures that have proven themselves over time for large numbers of people.A given best practice is only applicable t o a particular condition or circumstance and may have to be modified or adjusted for identical circumstance. In addition, a best practice can evolve to shape better as improvements are discovered.Despite the need to improve on processes as the environment changes , best practice is considered by some as business buzzword used to describe the process of developing and following a standard way of doing things that multiple organisations can use for managements, policy, and packet systems.As a team becomes more popular, some organisations have begun using the term best practices to refer to what are in fact that rules causing a linguistic drift in which a modern term such as good ideas is needed to refer to what antecedently would have been called best practice.4.5Explain how sustainable Construction and environmental Management/Conservation Issues impact on the organisation and operation of a project/organisation.Sustainable construction Environmental managementThe strategy for sustainable construction is a joint industry and government initiative intend to promote leadership and behavioural change, as well as delivering benefits to both the construction industry and the wider economy.The output of the construction industry has a major impact on our ability to maintain a sustainable economy overall and has a major impact on our environment, moreover, it is clear that we cannot befitting our declared environmental targets without dramatically reducing the environmental impact of buildings and infrastructure construction, we have to change the way we design and build.The business case for sustainable construction agenda is based upon increasing profitability by using resources more efficiently, firms who offer sustainable products and ways of working are more likely to secure building contracts, by enhancing their company image and compose in the market place by breeding issues related to corporate and social responsibility, and sustainable construction. Construction companies competing in this market place must address issues such asDesign qualityEnergyHealth and sentry goMaterialsProcurementSkillsSocial responsibilitySurface water management tempestuousWater useFacilities managementTask 3 Organisation (2.2, 2.3, 2.4)2.2Identify the roles of the different professions/disciplines within the design construction and installation team and the main cycle of work activity.DesignClient, lead consultant, CDM coordinator, Cost consultant, Lead designer, intriguer structural engineer, services engineer, contractorConstructionPrinciple contractor, managing director, contracts manager, project manager , billet manager, assistant site manager, foreman. Labourer.Installation teamsSurveyor, setting out engineer, groundworks subcontractor, brickwork subcontractor, steel frame subcontractor, concrete slab subcontractor, floor screed subcontractor, carpentry subcontractor, mechanical and electrical subcontractor, cladding contractor roofing co ntractor, telecoms contractor, scaffolding contractor, dry lining subcontractor, British sport southern electric.2.3Produce an organisation structure that includes examples and explanations of direct line, lateral functional and staff relationships and also explain with examples, span of control chain of command centralised versus decentralised and job design.Directors managersManagers sectionalisation headsSection headsSection headsSection headsSection headsSection headsManagersExplanations of direct line.The directorDirectors have many business responsibilities for ensuring the success of their company, in areas such as health and safety, employment law and tax.The contracts ManagerHe / she will be responsible for the successful procurement, proceed and completion of several contracts at any time.Planning and ControlPlanningDesigning a methodical process for accomplishing the goals of the organisation / preparing the organisation for the futureOrganisingArranging the resources to carry out the plan / the process of creating the company structure, establishing relationships and allocating resources to achieve the organisational goals.DirectingGuiding, leading and supervising employees to achieve the organisational goalsControllingVerifying that actual performance matches the plan/ if it does not match the actual plan then corrective action needs to be taken.Lateral functionsThere are also lateral functions in the job functions and personal roles in the areas of design, planning and construction there are senior managers and operative in all areas who need to liaise and work together to achieve the goals of the organisation.2.4Identify project based organisation structures.Health Safety ConsultantCDM CoordinatorSubcontractors EmployeesSubcontractorsSubcontractorsSubcontractorsSubcontractorsSubcontractorsSubcontractorsAssistant ManagerSite ManagerProject ManagerSection headsCDM CoordinatorThe CDM co-ordinator is there to evoke and assist with CDM dutieson notifiable jobs. They willadvise on selecting capable designers and contractorshelp identify what information will be needed by designers and contractorsco-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety during the planningphaseensure that HSE is notified of the projecttell if the sign construction phase plan is suitable and piss a health and safety file (this contains useful informationneeded to enable future cleaning, maintenance and alterations to be carried outSafely).The appointment of the CDM co-ordinator is better done soon as possible, but no later than the sign design/preparation stage.Health and Safety consultantNormally familiar with working within a construction site environment, roaming mingled sites to ensure that health and safety standards are being met according to statuary regulations and company and client standards.The Project ManagerA project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on k nowledge of the firm they are representing. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the propose representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.The Site ManagerHe /She will be responsible for the day to day running of the site the job normally involvesProducing the site layout planSetting up the dimensional control of the works interpretation the drawings and specificationsLiaising with the architects and engineersChecking the quality of the workEnsuring a safe site environmentPlanning3.1Describe techniques used to organise the layout, resourcing and accommodation of the projectThe techniques used to organise the layout of the project is called a site layout plan.All construction projects of any renowned size require the provision of substantial amounts of temporary facilities (TF). One of the initial tasks to be undertaken on any construction site is the construction of the temporary accommodation and associated site compound. The compound is required for safety and security whilst various types of temporary facilities are required the most common being,Office fitting (Reception, General Office, Engineers Office, Project Managers Office etc.)Welfare Facilities Accommodation (Canteen, Toilets, Showers, Drying Rooms etc.) store Accommodation (Valuable and Hazardous Materials storage facilities)3.2Describe with examples, methods of work planning, monitoring and progress control u

Malicious Babo of Benito Cereno by Melville Essay -- Benito Cereno

Malicious Babo Benito Cereno is a short novel written by Melville, with a surprisal ending. At least it was quite a surprise that Babo, the negro servant of Cereno, ends up being the one in committal of the ship. Babo fought for his freedom, which is good, only Babo went above and beyond the means necessary to take hold of his freedom. on with that he has much more serious problems with himself. Here are just ab turn out bearings to see it. There are two ways to bet at what Babo did. When he was fleck for his freedom he was either fighting for his biography or for his fibre of purport. Babo was fighting for a cause that is wild after the actions that he committed. Babo was fighting for his quality of life and what Babo did to meliorate his quality of life was terrible and with malicious intent. Yet, there is always another brass to an argument so first I will show the way Babo could be seen as a symbol of good. These concepts, life versus quality of life and how Babo is seen as both good and evil, I will clarify in the paragraphs that follow. Babo could be considered a good leader Babo could also be considered a genius another(prenominal) good quality of Babo is his will to live competitiveness for your life is when you are in peril of losing your life. Babo was never in danger of losing his life before he took over Cerenos ship. Babo didnt like the situation that he was in. So yes, do something about being a slave but there is no need to kill anyone. Babo could have remained on the ship, been change into slavery and then reposes his freedom much like how Fredrick Douglass attained his. Fredrick Douglass got out of slavery without a single life lost. If Babo had done what he was told to do, Babos head wouldnt be on a stick right now. Babo would b... ... to steal his ship. Another trait of Babo is that he is a selfish human being. He tries to chance what he wants all the time. Babo forces his way of thinking onto his fellow slaves by verbali se them what to do. If you put these qualities together in one person you will get something bad. Actually to be specific you will get an unethical, dictating liar that rules in such a way that he will get the just about personal gain. In conclusion, Babos actions can speak for themselves. He took fighting for his life over the clear up, to the point where he became a malicious, gruesome, savage beast that fought to improve his life without taking into consideration the lives of others. He was willing to stop at nothing to get what he wanted. This included murdering and stealing his way to the top where he thought nobody would be able to stop him. I think Babo is where he needs to be.

Jules Vernes A Journey to the Center of the Earth :: essays research papers

In the novel, A transit to the Center of the Earth, author Jules Verne identifys the fictitious tommyrot of three men and their adventures as they patronize into the depths of the reason. The leading character in this expedition is a fifty-year-old Ger domain professor named Hardwigg. He is an uncle to the narrator, Henry (Harry), a simple Englishman. The other man is Hans, a serene Icelandic guide. Professor Hardwigg finds a piece of lambskin that written in Runic in a book. Harry finds off before his uncle that it says there is a way to get into the center of the earth through a mountain (Mt. Sneffels) in Iceland. Harry is reluctant to tell his uncle the message because he is afraid his uncle will actually want to avenge the center of the earth. He was right because the professor wanted to explore as soon as possible. They head off to Iceland, and, along the way, receive Hans as their guide. The journey to the mountain itself takes a while. They reach the entrance to the ce nter, and from there, they head inside. at once in the dark labyrinths, they descend (this goes on for days). The three men wherefore face difficulties thirst, light, getting lost, injuries, and fatigue, were among them. They make many discoveries. They find that theres a sea, with fish and sea monsters. They find forests, giant mushrooms, animals that look homogeneous dinosaurs, and even what seems to be giant human beings. The idea of writing this story came from a scientist who explored the crater of a certain mountain. Verne got the idea that maybe it would be possible to descend even further into the earth. Many of Vernes partiality stories have come true in the years following his close in the year 1905. A Journey to the Center of the Earth is utmost from reality. Even with the technology we have today, it would be impossible for one to descend into the earth. For one thing, we know now that the earth cant be hollow because of extreme pressures and temperatures.People be came interested in Vernes stories during his duration because though they were unrealistic, they were too interesting and entertaining to pass up. Some spate even believed he had traveled to the many places that he wrote of. While checking into a hotel once, the woman told him to rest well in the room because he moldiness be tired from his many adventures.

Cheating in School Versus Cheating in the Real World :: Business

Cheating in School Versus Cheating in the Real World Cheating has been a major concern for institutions of high learning. Institutions fear cheating because of the reputation dishonest people will express for that institution. After a student has learned salwaysal successful ways to cheat and not be caught, is he or she more in all probability to employ the same tactics in his or her workplace? The student will use those tactics, but in the real world, such acts ar not called cheating tactics, but business strategy. Several years ago, Clemson University was approached by a perspective employer. A business globe visited the school and announced that the company wanted to hire some new staff members. In order to be more selective of the persons to push called in for interviews, the man announced an online exam that the students must take. Depending on the results, the company would then get in touch with the individuals. One student that i s very interested considers his options. He could choose to take the exam using his real name and sire a performance grade based on his knowledge of the strong material the exam would ask. Or, his second option use a absurd identity, get the questions, go out to reliable sources and ask for answers, and then put up answers to the exam under his real name. The student opted for the second option. He got the campaign questions, went to professors, searched online, and found as many of the answers as he could. He post his answers. Within a week, the company representative called the student in for an interview. The outset statement out of the interviewers mouth No one has ever scored that high on our online ravel. The next How did you do it? The students solution began with honestly and he unveiled his unique plan to succeed on the test. The interviewer was shocked no one had ever admitted to cheating on the online test before. A job was offered.

Capital Punishment Essay: Just Do It -- Argumentative Persuasive Topic

enceinte Punishment Just Do It Capital punishment is a justified form of punishment for come toers and is enforced by most states in the United States. The death penalty is a designation punishment for murder because executions maximize the public safety through a form of incapacitation and deterrence. When a person kills another person, their common sense and psychogenic reasoning is lost. As a result of this, the murderer is no lengthy capable of a mentally stable life not alone to himself besides also society as a whole. In contrast, clean-living issues question the accuracy and the benefits of the death penalty as well. Murder is defined as the crime of unlawfully killing a person with malignity aforethought and to slaughter wantonly (Webster, 751). Capital punishment is the punishment by death involving execution (Webster, 162). Since ancient times it has been utilise to punish a wide variety of offenses. In the United States, the death penalty for murder was first abolished in Michigan (1847) Venezuela (1853) and Portugal (1867) were the first nations to abolish it altogether. Today, it is virtually abolished in all of Western Europe and most of Latin America. Elsewhere--in Asia, Africa, and the Middle easterly (except Israel)--most countries still authorize capital punishment for many crimes and use it with varying frequency (Academic American Encyclopedia, UT wander). Methods of inflicting the death penalty have ranged from lapidation in biblical times, crucifixion under the Romans, beheading in France, to those used in the United States today hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, and the lethal injection. inception in 1967, executions were suspended to allow the appellate courts to decide whether the death penalty was unconstitu... ...of criminal execution to set the limits of appropriate punishments. Not only is faith of the criminal an issue, what about the morality of the crime that the criminal committed? debate a nd wanton murder is an immoral action. As was mentioned before, compassion is an admirable thing, but it need not blind us to the difference between skilful and wrong, or the desirability of deterring bad behavior. Bibliography Capital Punishment. Academic American Encyclopedia. (UT CAT PLUS). 1991 ed. Hertzberg, Hendrick. Premeditated Execution. age 18 May 199249. Kramer, Michael. Frying them isnt the Answer. Time 14 March 199432. Landsburg, Steven E. Just do it. Forbes 21 Nov. 1994 166. Shapiro, Walter. What say should victims have? Time 27 May 199161. Websters New Collegiate Dictionary. Mass. G& C. Merriam Company. 1981.

Morality in Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne and The Tell Tale Heart by

Morality in preteen Goodman brownness by Hawthorne and The identify Tale Heart by PoeYoung Goodman Brown, by Hawthorne, and The Tell Tale Heart, by Poe, offer readers the chance to embark on tropical and literal journeys, through our minds and our hearts. Hawthorne is interested in developing a grit of guilt in his story, an allegory warning against losing ones faith. The point of view and the throw in point of view argon symbolic of the darkening, increasingly separate heart of the main character, Goodman Brown, an everyman figure in an everyman tale. Poe, however, is concerned with capturing a sensation of dread in his work, taking a look at the motivations privy the perverseness of human nature. Identifying and understanding the point of view is essential, since it affects a readers descent to the protagonist, but also offers perspective in situations where characters are blinded and deceived by their own faults. The main character of Poe?s story embarks on an exci ted roller coaster, experiencing everything from terror to triumph. Both authors offer an interpretation of humans as sinful, through the use of foreshadowing, repetition, symbolism and, most importantly, point of view. Hawthorne teaches the reader an transparent moral lesson through the third mortal omniscient point of view, whereas Poe sidesteps morals in favor of thoroughly developing his characters in the first person point of view. Third person omniscient point of view, dialogue, and imagery are three literary tools used to reveal the intimate thoughts and feelings of the key characters in Hawthorne?s ?Young Goodman Brown.? For example, Faith bids her husband farewell ?softly and instead sadly? (Hawthorne 133). The tranquility of her adieu... ...ther serves to excite and stimulate our senses as we travel into the half-crazed mind of a killer ? offering us a bizarre perspective through the first person point of view. Similarly, the ending of ?Young Goodman Brown ? offers a moral, but leaves the main character in a state of discord and callousness towards his wife, and his religion. The story is didactic, because the main character is penalize for his transgressions. Symbolism, evident especially in Hawthorne?s allegory, and the repetition of Poe?s tense tale serve to further the goals of each writer. Ultimately, Hawthorne?s Goodman Brown becomes separated from humanity, an issue of the head and the heart, and Poe?s narrator withdraws inside himself, an issue purely of the mind. Recognizing this discord from the self and humanity is essential to understanding the behavior of these difficult characters.

Gender Role Behaviors: Biology and Society Share Responsibility Essay

There are some(prenominal) different facets to the nature versus nurture argument that has been going on for decades. atomic number 53 of these, the limit of nature and nurture on gender designs and behaviors, is argued well by both Deborah Blum and Aaron Devor, both of whom believe that society plays a large lineament in determining gender. I, however, use up a tendency to bear with Blum that biology and society both share responsibility for these behaviors. The real question is non whether gender expression is a result of nature or nurture, provided how much of a role each of these plays. Both Devor and Blum can agree that society plays a large role in establishing gender identity. In his article Gender Role Behaviors and Attitudes, Devor states, Gender role characteristics reflect the ideological contentions underlying the dominant gender schema in North American society (Devor 571). Deborah Blum agrees to an extent in her article The Gender Blur Where Does biota End an d Society Take oer? As stated in her article by behavioral endocrinologist Mark Breedlove, Were born with predispositions, entirely its society that amplifies them, exaggerates them (qtd by Blum 574). It is clear, however that the two disagree on the extent of the societal role in determining gender role characteristics. Devors statement, and entire article for that matter, point to a clear ruling that biology has no effect on gender roles. Instead, he believes that our views of the innate behaviors of males and females are based solely upon the society that we live in, that we have been knowledgeable to see certain characteristics as feminine and others as masculine. This ideology sparks from the belief that biological factors make males more aggressive and dominant than fem... ...logy or society? Nature or nurture? In this case, I would translate that the answer is that both biology and society have great influence on how males and females behave in their roles. The only que stion now is, to what course do each of these play a role? For this answer, we may have to wait. The key thing is to know that nature starts the process, and nurture helps that process along. work CitedBlum, Deborah. The Gender Blur Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over? Signs of Life in the ground forces Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. sixth Edition. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 573-580. Print.Devor, Aaron. Gender Role Behaviors and Attitudes. Signs of Life in the USA Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. 6th Edition. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 567-572. Print.