Maslows Hierarchy of needs Essay

I am basing my theory and Application on both Maslows Hierarchy of necessarily Theory and Lockes finis Setting Theory. Theory and ApplicationMaslows Hierarchy of requireMaslows Hierarchy of Needs was first published by psychologist Abraham Maslow in his 1943 article, A Theory of merciful Motivation . Abraham Maslow believed that that as humans strive to meet our virtually staple fiber inescapably, we also seek to satisfy a higher set of indigences. Maslow presented these of necessity in a hierarchy that consisted of the following1. Physiological/bodily needs.2. safety needs.3. Love/belonging needs.4. Self-esteem.5. Self-actualization.I am going to describe individually level in the hierarchy of needs and rate them in name of evidence that shows that they hold up and that they atomic number 18 useful for managers in understanding how they king fare their staff. The example I am using is Understanding and prompt health care employees integrating Maslows hierarchy of needs, cookery and applied science by Suzanne G. Benson PhD and Stephen P. Dundis JD, PhD. With all the challenges facing the health sector, there was a need to understand how the managers could spark the staff. This was becoming increasingly concerning and this is where Maslows Hierarchy of Needs proved useful. Maslow created a pyramid split into 5 levels, each containing whizz of the 5 needs. Level 1 Physiological needsPhysiological needs are the basic survival needs such as oxygen, food, water, value etc. Unless these basic needs are fulfilled, the individual will be unable to motivate to the next level, as these are these needs are needed for survival. In work terms, these basic needs would be wages. If an employee is world paid fairly he/she will be happy to move to the next level of the hierarchy. If not, they will be thinking ab verboten wherefore they arent being paid fairly and the next levels wont be in their mind. Level 2 Safety NeedsWhen physiological needs are fulfilled, safety needs come into consideration.This involves not merely a safe working environment reard mental safety. In this case training has a big influence because workers see training as a way of being safe. Managers must make employees bring in that with parvenu technology brings change. Employees savour that they are under pressure with the red-hot technology leading to advancements in computers. They looking they are inadequately instruct and this is where managers must spend resources, time and money on training. Level 3 Love/ Belonging NeedsMaslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of retirement and alienation and managers must understand this to ensure employee enfolding, production and need, etc. With the new technology in healthcare, brings in the new virtual teaming. Some employees talent feel a lack of social presence that demo to face contact has. Managers must know this and that the opportunities to participate in new and contrary work convocations can definitely expand an employees belongingness. Level 4 Self-EsteemSelf-esteem in a workplace is commonly ground on an employees successful performance appraisals, which helps employees feel cute and respected within an organisation. This boosts self-esteem. In the case of the healthcare problem, there was an theme with the technology because employees where not known by name anyone but by numbers. When employees are not being interacted with personally by managers and other group members they feel insulted and meaningless. Managers must take this into consideration. Level 5 Self-ActualisationThe need for self-actualisation is unaccompanied relevant when all needs below Self-Actualisation are fulfilled. It is the need for an employee to do what he/she feels they are meant to do. In the healthcare training, an employee should be exposed to tuition that affects ein truth single part of his/her life. The new technology offers this training but a person must be show n the right path towards the limit training in stray for it to become meaningful. Managers play a position in doing this.Lockes Goal Setting TheoryDr Edwin Locke found from enquiry that specific and rough designs led tobetter performance than sluttish intentions. gentle conclusions are not a motivating force whereas if a goal is hard, you feel much accomplished after completing it. The harder the goal, the greater the effort. This helps motivate employees because they will grow in confidence once they drop off a difficult tax. Goals help push employees to goal-relevant actions rather than concentrating on irrelevant matters. I believe that this is true and to motivate goals must have1. lucidness.2. Challenge.3. loyalty.4. Feedback.5. labor movement complexity.ClarityWhen goals are put down and specific there is less chance that there will be a misunderstanding. Managers should make goals measurable with a unequivocal time set for completion, and this will in turn l eave the task/goal a lot more precise. If an employee is set a clear objective he/she is so motivated towards one thing. If the goal is indecipherable employees will be less motivated. The goal should be Smart, Measureable and Time-bound (SMART acronym). Challengenormally employees feel that if a goal is very challenging and they complete it, then the manager will be impressed. This motivates an employee because they will feel accomplished and authorised to the company. Rewards may also boost motivation because with greater challenges comes greater rewards, so therefore managers must give employees challenging but realistic goals in order to motivate their staff. Challenges must be realistic because employees will feel demotivated if they are unable to complete the challenge. The goal should be Achievable (SMART Acronym). payloadGoals can be agreed upon between managers and employees. This gives the employee a sense of involvement and they are more likely to be committed to a go al if they have been involved in creating the goal and making decisions. Goals should be conformable and credible in order for the commission to be there. If a goal is difficult it will require a lot more commitment comparedto and easy goal therefore employees will be motivated to aspire the goal completed. Agreed goals will lead to commitment (SMART Acronym). FeedbackEmployees must vanquish feedback about their goals from their managers in order to clarify expectations and to gain recognition. Goals can be broken down into parts when it is going to take a in particular long time to slide by a goal. Feedback can then be given after each part in order to own a task done efficiently. Regular encouragement will motivate employees to reaching a goal. Task ComplexityWhen a goal is very difficult, employees should be given sufficient time to reach the goal. If the employee is stressed out then they will be demotivated. Employees should be given time to enforce what is needed to re ach the goal. Difficult tasks can frustrate employees and managers have to get across with this by giving them sufficient time and training needed to complete the task.ConclusionI believe that both Maslows and Lockes theories provide a useful knowledge into how to keep an employee motivated in the workplace. Goal setting is the beat theory in my opinion because it is a simpleton step by step way on how to reach a goal without demotivating your employees. Maslows hierarchy of needs shows a manager how to make the employee feel secure, needed and appreciated in the workplace whilst also holding them motivated to strive towards self-actualisation.Reflection and ApplicationThe theory that best explains my motivation to perform in DCU is the Goal Setting Theory. I feel this best describes my motivation to perform because I always set out goals in life, whether they are small goals or big goals. For example one of my goals in DCU is to finish with a Masters in Engineering after 5 years . This is a big goal and it requires a lot of motivation and time. My briny goal at the moment is to pass all of my mental facultys in my course. To do this my goal must have the 5 following steps1. Clarity.2. Challenge.3. Commitment.4. Feedback.5. Task complexity.In order to reach my goal I must evaluate the goal using these 5 steps. ClarityMy goal is clear and measurable and has a specific date for completion. Moodle plays a vital part in reaching the goal as it assists me in my studies and help me keep caterpillar tread of my time limits for each task. I am motivated towards my goal of exhalation all my modules because I know what each module consists of. ChallengeI am motivated towards finishing the first year of my course and dismission each module because my course is difficult. When I finish my course I will feel accomplished in what I have done. I also know that if I do well(p), it will be well received at home because they also know that it is a difficult course. I see this as a reward because if the course was easy I would not be as motivated to do well. CommitmentGetting involved in setting out goals also gets me motivated. It makes me feel more committed because I know I have to reach the goal because I helped set it. Although this isnt the case in most of my modules, it is in one, that is Technical Drawing. I have to set the time for our foresee to be finished and this adds added pressure which helps motivate me. FeedbackFeedback plays a massive region in motivating me to reach my goals. When I am told I am doing something correctly and that my work of a high standard, it motivates me because I know I am slowly reaching my goal. Feedback gives me an insight into how to do things correctly if I am doing them wrong, which is very useful when you dont know if you are doing something correctly. It can also help me gain recognition. Task ComplexityIf the work load is in addition much or difficult for me, I usually need more time at the task in order to reach a goal. If this is the case I usually give up my spare time in order to work on the more complex and difficult parts of mycourse. If I am under too much pressure I will be demotivated so this is wherefore I carry out the goal setting theory in order to keep motivated and to ensure that I reach my goals.Referenceswww.mindtools.comhttp//www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/nurs/379/960/module%209%20delegation%20perf%20appr/Benson%20unders%20and%20motiv.pdf http//home.ubalt.edu/tmitch/642/Articles%20syllabus/Locke%20et%20al%20New%20dir%20goal%20setting%2006.pdf

Lunenburg, Fred C. Organizational Structure Mintzberg Framework

global daybook OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1, 2011 agreemental bodily body structure Mintzbergs Frame action Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State UniversityABSTRACT Henry Mintzberg suggests that presidential terms deal be differentiated along three grassonical dimensions (1) the attain get down of the governing body, that is, the trigger off of the institution that plays the study role in determining its advantage or failure (2) the prime organise mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to get up its activities and (3) the instance of decentralization used, that is, the purpose to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision- make process.Using the three elemental dimensions differentiate p guile of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralizationMintzberg suggests that the dodging an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that system result in five approximately geomorphologic var.s honest structure, mechanism bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized affable class, and adhocracy. Organizations exist to achieve stopping points. These goals be blue down into tasks as the basis for jobs. Jobs be grouped into de disseverments. Departments in organizations whitethorn be characterized by marketing, sales, advertising, manufacturing, and so on.Within each department, even more distinctions can be found amidst the jobs people per stimulate. Departments atomic number 18 linked to knead the organizational structure. The organizations structure gives it the form to fulfill its turn in the environment (Nelson & Quick, 2011). The term organizational structure refers to the formal configuration between individuals and groups regarding the allocation of tasks, responsibilities, and representation at bottom the organization (Galbraith, 1987 Greenberg, 2011) Very archaeozoic organizational structures were o ften based either on product or control (Oliveira & Takahashi, 2012).The intercellular substance organization structure crossed these two shipway of organizing (Galbraith, 2009 Kuprenas, 2003). Others moved beyond these early approaches and examined the relationship between organizational system and structure (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, & Willett, 2002). This approach began with the landmark exertion of Alfred Chandler (1962, 2003), who traced the historical development of such(prenominal) large American corporations as DuPont, Sears, and General Motors. He concluded from his issue that an organizations schema tends to influence its structure.He suggests that strategy confirmatively determines such variables as the organizations tasks, technology, and environments, and each of these influences the structure of the organization. More recently, affable scientists have augmented Chandlers thesis by contending that an organizations strategy determines its environment, technolo gy, and tasks. These variables, coupled with growth rates and power distri besidesion, affect organizational 1 outside(a) JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 2_____________________________________________________________________________________ tructure (Hall & Tolbert, 2009 Miles, Snow, Meyer, & Coleman, 2011). Henry Mintzberg (1992, 2009) suggests that organizations can be differentiated along three basic dimensions (1) the strike part of the organization, that is, the part of the organization that plays the major role in determining its success or failure (2) the prime coordinating mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to ordinate its activities and (3) the type of decentralization used, that is, the extent to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision-making process.The key parts of an organization ar shown in Figure 1 and al miserable in the following. Strategic Apex Technostructure Middle Line musical accompanimen t Staff proceeding Core Figure 1. The key parts of an organization. ? ? ? ? The strategic apex is out manage management and its stand up staff. In trail territorial dominions, this is the superintendent of conditions and the administrative cabinet. The intelligence officer core be the workers who in truth carry out the organizations tasks. Teachers constitute the workman core in school districts. The middle track is middle- and lower-level management. Principals are the middlelevel managers in school districts.The technostructure are analysts such as engineers, accountants, planners, researchers, and staff office managers. In school districts, divisions such as instruction, business, force, public relations, research and development, and the handle constitute the technostructure. The substitute staff are the people who give up indirect gains. In school districts, similar services allow maintenance, clerical, food service, busing, level-headed counsel, and consultin g to earmark support. ? The second basic dimension of an organization is its prime coordinating mechanism. This includes the following FRED C.LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________3 ? ? ? ? ? Direct supervision means that one individual is accountable of the work of others. This concept refers to the unity of command and scalar principles. Standardization of work process exists when the content of work is specified or programmed. In school districts, this refers to job descriptions that govern the work performance of educators. Standardization of skills exists when the kind of provision necessary to do the work is specified. In school systems, this refers to state certificates requisite for the various ccupants of a school districts hierarchy. Standardization of widening exists when the results of the work are specified. Because the raw material that is processed by the operative core (teachers) consists of people (studen ts), not things, normalization of getup is more onerous to measure in schools than in other nonservice organizations. Nevertheless, a movement toward the standardization of output in schools in recent years has occurred. Examples include faculty testing of teachers, state-mandated testing of students, state-mandated curricula, prescriptive learning objectives, and other efforts toward legislated learning.Mutual valuation reserve exists when work is coordinated through free communication. Mutual adjustment or coordination is the major thrust of Likerts (1987) linking-pin concept. The third basic dimension of an organization is the type of decentralization it employs. The three types of decentralization are the following ? ? ? Vertical decentralization is the distribution of power down the chain of command, or shared authority between superordinates and subordinates in any organization. Horizontal decentralization is the extent to which non administrators (including staff) stir decisions, or shared authority between line and staff.Selective decentralization is the extent to which decision-making power is delegated to different units at bottom the organization. In school districts, these units might include instruction, business, personnel, public relations, and research and development divisions. Using the three basic dimensionskey part of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralizationMintzberg suggests that the strategy an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that strategy result in five geomorphological configurations simple structure, appliance bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy.Table 1 summarizes the three basic dimensions associated with each of the five structural configurations. Each organizational form is discussed in turn. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 4__________________________________________________________________ ___________________ Table 1. Mintzbergs Five Organizational StructuresStructural flesh Simple structure Machine bureaucracy passkey bureaucracy Divisionalized form Adhocracy Prime Coordinating Mechanism Direct supervision Standardization of work processes Standardization of skills Standardization of outputs Mutual adjustment Key Part of Organization Strategic apex Technostructure Operating core Middle line Support staff Type of Decentralization Vertical and horizontal centralization express mail horizontal decentralization Vertical and horizontal decentralization Limited upright piano decentralization Selective decentralizationSimple Structure The simple structure has as its key part the strategic apex, uses direct supervision, and employs vertical and horizontal centralization. Examples of simple structures are relatively low-down corporations, new government departments, mass medium-sized retail stores, and small basal school districts. The organization consists of the pol l manager and a a couple of(prenominal) workers in the operative core. There is no technostructure, and the support staff is small workers perform overlapping tasks.For example, teachers and administrators in small elementary school districts must contract many of the duties that the technostructure and support staff perform in larger districts. Frequently, however, small elementary school districts are members of cooperatives that depict many services (i. e. , counselors, social workers) to a number of small school districts in one part of the county or state. In small school districts, the superintendent may function as both superintendent of the district and principal of a single(a) school. Superintendents in such school districts must be entrepreneurs.Because the organization is small, coordination is informal and maintained through direct supervision. Moreover, this organization can adapt to environmental changes rapidly. Goals stress innovation and long-term survival, alt hough innovation may be ambitious for rattling small rural school districts because of the lack of resources. Machine bureaucratism Machine bureaucracy has the technostructure as its key part, uses standardization of work processes as its prime coordinating mechanism, and employs limited horizontal decentralization.Machine bureaucracy has many of the characteristics of webers (1947) ideal bureaucracy and agrees Hages (1965) mechanistic organization. It has a racy degree of formalization and work specialization. Decisions are centralized. The span of management is narrow, and the organization is tallthat is, many levels exist in the chain of command from top management to the bottom of the organization. Little horizontal or lateral coordination is needed. Furthermore, elevator car bureaucracy has a large technostruture and support staff. FRED C.LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________5 Examples of machine bureaucracy are aut omobile manufacturers, steel companies, and large government organizations. The environment for a machine bureaucracy is typically invariable, and the goal is to achieve internal efficiency. Public schools possess many characteristics of machine bureaucracy, but most schools are not machine bureaucracies in the pure sense. However, large urban school districts (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago) are close set(predicate) to machine bureaucracies than other medium-size or small school districts.Professional Bureaucracy Professional bureaucracy has the operating core as its key part, uses standardization of skills as its prime coordinating mechanism, and employs vertical and horizontal decentralization. The organization is relatively formalise but decentralized to provide autonomy to professionals. Highly proficient professionals provide nonroutine services to clients. Top management is small there are few middle managers and the technostructure is generally small. However, the s upport staff is typically large to provide clerical and maintenance support for the professional operating core.The goals of professional bureaucracies are to innovate and provide high-quality services. Existing in complex but stable environments, they are generally moderate to large in size. Coordination problems are common. Examples of this form of organization include universities, hospitals, and large law firms. Some public school districts have many characteristics of the professional bureaucracy, especially its aspects of professionalism, teacher autonomy, and structural looseness. For example, schools are formal organizations, which provide complex services through super trained professionals in an atmosphere of structural looseness.These characteristics tend to broaden the limits of individual diplomacy and performance. Like attorneys, physicians, and university professors, teachers perform in classroom settings in relative closing off from colleagues and superiors, while remaining in close contact with their students. Furthermore, teachers are highly trained professionals who provide information to their students in accordance with their own style, and they are usually flexible in the delivery of content even within the constraints of the state- and district-mandated curriculum.Moreover, like some staff administrators, teachers, tend to identify more with their professions than with the organization. Divisionalized signifier The divisionalized form has the middle line as its key part, uses standardization of output as it prime coordinating mechanism, and employs limited vertical decentralization. Decision making is decentralized at the divisional level. There is little coordination among the discriminate divisions. Corporate-level personnel provide some coordination. Thus, each division itself is relatively centralized and tends to resemble a machine bureaucracy.The technostructure is located at corporate headquarters to provide services INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 6_____________________________________________________________________________________ to all divisions support staff is located within each division. Large corporations are credibly to adopt the divisionalized form. Most school districts typically do not gather the divisionalized form. The exceptions are those very large school districts that have diversified service divisions distinctly separated into individual units or schools. For example, a school istrict may resemble the divisionalized form when it has separate schools for the physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed, and learning modify a skills center for the potential dropout a special school for art and music students and so on. The identifying feature of these school districts is that they have separate schools within a single school district, which have separate administrative staffs, budgets, and so on. Elementary and secondary school districts that ha ve consolidated but bear separate administrative structures with one school board are excessively examples of the divisionalized form.As might be expected, the primary reason for a school district to adopt this form of structure is service diversity while retaining separate administrative structures. Adhocracy The adhocracy has the support staff as its key part, uses mutual adjustment as a means of coordination, and maintains selective patterns of decentralization. The structure tends to be low in formalization and decentralization. The technostucture is small because technical specialists are involved in the organizations operative core. The support staff is large to support the complex structure.Adhocracies engage in nonroutine tasks and use sophisticated technology. The primary goal is innovation and rapid adaptation to changing environments. Adhocracies typically are medium sized, must be adaptable, and use resources efficiently. Examples of adhocracies include aerospace and e lectronics industries, research and development firms, and very innovative school districts. No school districts are pure adhocracies, but medium-sized school districts in very wealthy communities may have some of the characteristics of an adhocracy. The adhocracy is somewhat similar to Hages (1965) organic organization.Strategy and Structure The work begun by Chandler and extended by Mintzberg has laid the groundwork for an judgement of the relationship between an organizations strategy and its structure. The link between strategy and structure is still in its infancy stage. Further research in this area, particularly in service organizations like schools, will enhance school administrators understanding of school organizations (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2012). In the meantime, school leaders must recognize that organization strategy and structure are related. FRED C.LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________7 Conclusion Henry Mintz berg (1992, 2009) suggests that organizations can be differentiated along three basic dimensions (1) the key part of the organization, that is, the part of the organization that plays the major role in determining its success or failure (2) the prime coordinating mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to coordinate its activities and (3) the type of decentralization used, that is, the extent to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision-making process.Using the three basic dimensionskey part of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralizationMintzberg suggests that the strategy an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that strategy result in five structural configurations simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy. References Brickley, J. , Smith, C. , Zimmerman, J. L. , & Willett, J. (2002). plan organizations to create value From strategy t o structure. New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Chandler, A. D. (2003). Strategy and structure Chapters in the annals of the American industrial enterprise. Frederick, MD Beard Books. Galbraith, J. R. (1987). Organization design. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed. ). vade mecum of organizational behavior (pp. 343-357). Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall. Galbraith, J. R. (2009). Designing matrix organizations that actually work How IBM, Procter & Gamble, and others design for success. New York, NY Wiley. Greenberg, J. 2011). Behavior in organizations (10th ed. ). amphetamine agitate River, NJ Prentice Hall. Hage, J. (1965). An axiomatic theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 289-320. Hall, R. H. , & Tolbert, P. S. (2009). Organizations structures, processes, and outcomes (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Kuprenas, J. A. (2003). Implementation and performance of a matrix organization structure . International Journal of Project Management, 21, 51-62. Likert, R. (1987). New Ppatterns of management. New York, NY Garland.Lunenburg, F. C. , & Ornstein, A. O. (2012). educational administration Concepts and practices. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Miles, R. E. , Snow, C. C. , Meyer, A. D. , & Coleman, H. J. (2011). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. Palo Alto, CA Stanford University Press. Mintzberg, H. (1992). Structure in fives Designing effective organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. (2009). Tracking strategies Toward a general theory of strategy formation. New York, NY Oxford University Press.Nelson, D. B. , & Quick, J. C. (2011). Understanding organizational behavior. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 8_____________________________________________________________________________________ Oliveira, N. , & Takahashi, N. (2012). Automated organizati ons Development and structure of the modern font business firm. New York, NY Springer. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. (trans. T. Parsons). New York, NY Oxford University Press.

Xox Supply Chain

Answer the following questions in relation to Xbox case Lee, Hau Hoyt David W. and Hollo port, Chuck, Evolution of the Xbox contri scarcee Chain * Who ar the unlike s proposeholders for Xbox that formed the Microsoft ecosystem while developing the add on stove business strategy for Xbox? * What were the ch severallyenges faced by Xbox when it first demonstrateed Xbox? * How did this study to the launch of Xbox 360? * Did they consider both changes in the planning concatenation of mountains? judge Xbox StakeholdersMicrosofts Xbox project was started by a group of gamers in 1999 so that they hind end everywherely develop a looseness console which jeopardise the proceeding of the home PC market place. The Xbox project consisted of both internal and impertinent stakeholders who had either a direct or indirect stake in the project. These stakeholders embroil the Microsoft employees (i. e. , Xbox project team, Microsoft executives), shareholders, suppliers (e. g. , I ntel, Nvidia), contract makers (i. e. , Flextronics, Wistron Corp, Celestica), game developers, designers (i. , Astro Studios), distributors, broadband providers, retailers and customers. The stakeholders of the Xbox project rout out be visualized in legal injury of their military post in Microsofts extended tag on chain, shown in mannikin 1. 0 below. Figure 1. 0 Microsofts Xbox supply chain Ch every(prenominal)enges with Original Xbox Microsoft encountered many challenges when entry the archetype Xbox in 2001. To weaken low(a)stand the challenges in the legitimate Xbox, we rump suck the SOSTAC (Situation analysis, Objective Setting, Strategy, Tactics, Actions and Control) approach.Situation analytic thinking. Microsoft did non make a front man in the gaming console market and was up against strong competitors which already had established markets such(prenominal) as Sony (Playstation) and Nintendo (GameCube). This competitive landscape put them in a po layion wher ein they needed to develop a product that offered features that were comparable to existing products in the marketplace which was perfectly priced to establish themselves in the market. Moreover, Microsoft recognised that it was critical to launch in time for the 2001 holi daylight eason to allow them to have a presence in the marketplace before they became up against the next-generation product. Thus, Microsofts early(a) challenges came at a price of high production r international angstrom unitere up be, where they needed to produce 100,000 consoles in a week in instal to launch the cutting Xbox in time for the Christmas. Objective. The short-term objectives of developing the real Xbox was primarily aimed at entering the gaming console market, moderateing from the visualise and paving way for the next generation of products. Strategy. Microsoft adapted a vigour supply chain strategy using an extended supply chain.They create their products establish on existing game con soles with added features, most of which were built to fence against Sony PS2. In addition to a having features similar to other gaming consoles procurable in the market, the Xbox had other features such as allowing Xbox to play videodiscs, and a built-in modem which in 2002 was social function to launch Xbox live. Tactics. Microsoft lacked the competency in building hardware neither did it have exposure to designing and manufacturing hardware that plenty be utilised as a game console nor did it have any experience with the game console market.Hence, Microsoft contumacious to form strategic partnerships with like contract manufacturers who can deliver the products for them because they did not have the time to subscribe with unproven vendors and jeopardyy designs. Actions. Microsoft in like manner took into account the location of manufacturing facilities in their alternative of contract manufacturers to allow to take into account the logistics of to shipping products cu rsorily to the US and European markets and contumacious to find plants in Mexico and Hungary.Logistics is the time- link up positioning or re theme, or the strategic circumspection of the total supply chain. The supply chain is a sequence of events think to satisfy a customer It can include procurement, manufacture, distribution, and waste disposal, together with associated transport, storage and information technology(Chaffey, 2002). Microsofts Xbox had over one and only(a) thousand (1000) components and forty-five (45) of which were critical components that was only available from a genius supplier. The Xbox also required several parts with high technical performance requirements (e. . , attend toing speed, graphics resolution, memory requirement and internet glide slope). The high dependency on Microsofts suppliers make it necessary to integrate the information commute with its key suppliers. Thus, Microsoft decided to require co-investments from its suppliers and electr onics manufacturing suffices (EMS) to improve the coordination among the various groups. This suggests that Microsoft recognized the need for using technology to improve the flow of information and adapted some form of technology to manage the family relationship with various intermediaries.Control. time the case did not provide adequacy data to see how Microsoft mensural the outcome, it can be inferred from the changes they made to the launch Xbox 360 that they did some reviews internally so that they can make the necessary changes. Unfortunately, Microsoft had very little time to learn to how to manage the supply electronic meshs the coordination of all supply activities of an organization from its suppliers and partners to its customers(Chaffey, 2002, p. 335).While they produceed a push approach to supply chain management, which is typically suggests that the production changees are aimed at cost and efficiency, Microsoft was up against significant challenges that made it difficult to be cost effective. In the end, Microsofts investment in the Xbox is higher than the anticipate sale price of the product i. e. , the costs for producing the Xbox hardware were estimated to be at $450, when retail price for the Xbox was only at $299. 00. Profitability was therefore open on driving the costs down for the Xbox console and sales from merchandising games.Differences between Original Xbox and Xbox 360 and translate Chain Changes Situation. When Microsoft launched Xbox 360, gaming had already generate a big part of the home pleasure and broadband plan of attack was substantially higher. Microsoft also had a better understanding of what games were needed in each country because they had already established a presence in the market. Objective. Microsofts decisions on developing the Xbox 360 was no largeer based on their desire to get into selling hardware and simply offering a gaming console, but much on their goal of increasing software package sal es.So, Microsoft developed the unsanded system in such a way that can be a central part of home entertainment thereby incorporating other features such as internet access. Strategy. In launching Xbox 360, Microsoft planned a global launch, which no other company had make before, so that Xbox 360 can be made available in all major markets before Sony would have a chance to launch PS3. Implementing a global strategy posed two large bumps for Microsoft. To mitigate this risk, Microsoft also implemented some risk management techniques. guess management is intended to identify potential risks in a range of situations and then take actions to minimize risk (Chaffey, 2002, p. 599). It involves several stages which include the identification of risks, possible solutions, implementing the solutions that design high-impact risks and monitoring them for the future. First, was related to the fact that the Xbox required complementary products for it to be enjoyed and their biggest fretfuln ess was whether there would be sufficient game titles available at the like time. Thus, Microsoft lined up game developers who could develop new games.For this task, Microsoft had a better appreciation of game types needed in each country based on the original Xbox experience, nonetheless ensuring that the games were ready had various timing issues. The inaccessibility of games in a particular country would mean a light of sales of consoles and would have a significant impact on the gainfulness of Microsoft. Second, Microsoft faced the risk of service where the supply of gaming consoles would not be sufficient to keep up with demand. Foreseeable, this can manifest itself in divergent ways but both negatively impacting their ability to acquire new customers.This suggests that Microsoft recognized the implication of complementary products to allow them to take advantage of the electronic vane effects. For Microsoft, the worse case scenario is for Microsoft to miss customer expe ctations and put them at risk for losing their customers. other scenario is if their demand calculations were off and end up with an over/under supply of gaming consoles in one area. Tactics. As soon as the original Xbox was launched, Microsoft started working on the next generation of Xbox and required the new model to have high definition capability, high storage capableness and access to the internet.Unlike the earlier launch of the Xbox, where Microsoft delivered a superior product whose features that came at the expense of cost, Microsoft included cost considerations as part of their new strategy. This time, Microsoft also wanted to take advantage of the timing, pricing and exploiting the relationships with complementary product. Actions. Microsoft made triple changes in its supply chain management to drive down costs (1) change the location of its manufacturing facilities (2) attach the morsel of EMS suppliers and (3) chip contracting.First, when launching the original Xb ox, Microsoft decided to select manufacturing facilities that were geographically near the customers in order to quickly deliver the products to facilitate fast product introduction. However, in launching Xbox 360, Microsoft decided to take advantage of a less expensive option by switching the facility location from Mexico and Hungary to China. While this meant an increased risk in fulfilling orders in time for a global launch, the pixilated was able to supplement lower labor rates from a place where the infra expression was already available for electronic manufacturing.Second, by permitting multiple EMS suppliers, Microsoft was able to ensure that they had enough manufacturers who would be able to fulfill the orders. This also provided the ability to negotiate as compared with being dependent on a single supplier at Xbox launch. This helped Microsoft manage the supplier vender lock-in that they had originally and arrest the possible increase in switching costs such as search cos ts, change suppliers, contractual commitment (Shapiro & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Varian, 1998).Third, Microsoft decided that it was best to take willpower of the design of the chip (which was previously owned and designed by Nvidia and Intel) and source its parts from the supply chain. This disintermediation strategy in their supply chain made it possible for Microsoft to be in a better position to view as costs over the products lifetime. Moreover, this strategy is consistent with what is commonly referred to as an outside-in outsourcing activity so that they can build up skills internally and manage this area.Microsoft was also able to compress the design cycle by engaging in concurrent design development activities which included a closer link between and manufacturing, unbroken testing and iterative redesign. This was a change from Microsofts original Xbox strategy which had significant system and supplier aim lock-in effects for Microsoft because Nvidia and Intel owne d and designed the chips. While the dual sourcing strategy minimized the risks of lock-in at the supplier level, they were still locked-in at the system level where Microsoft had to contend with any enhancements or changes in the design of the chips.Microsoft also used HDTV technologies that was available in the market, while Sony (being a hardware company) decided to bet on Blu-Ray to allow it to establish it as the new DVD standard for high-definition. In hindsight, Microsofts decision provided them a one-year engineer start in third generation consoles because Sonys Blu-Ray decision caused a significant delay in Sonys PS3 launch. By betting on Blu-Ray, Sony was betting on standards change to increase their competitive advantage. Control.As discussed previously, the case did not provide enough data to see how Microsoft measured control. Nipponese Automakers Supply Chain Structures The disintermediation strategy that Microsoft took gives some insight to classic make or buy argume nts that companies make in determining where to source their supplies. In bloodline to Microsofts decision to do things themselves, Japanese automakers apparently assume that tincture, delivery, inventories, and related costs can be better governed by the purchasing segment in a buy situation, than by making it yourself. (Deming, 1982, p. 7). However, for them to control the quality they require invariably have demanding expectations from their suppliers. The expectations include (1) exceptional quality requirements (2) real just-in-time deliver (3) exact quantities no over- or under-runs and (4) continuously improving productiveness resulting in long-term cost reductions (Deming, 1982, p. 48). In return for the high investments on the part of their suppliers, they have production contracts that are usually long-term (as long as six years), and may include requirements for product design and testing.For the Japanese automakers, they have arms around relationship where they emb race the lock-in effects with their suppliers instead of arms-length transactions which rely on the spot-market. The Japanese auto manufacturers are more likely to engage in vertical disintegration and outsourcing of processes to a web of suppliers. For example, in the case of Honda, they engage in strategic alliances with first gradation suppliers whom they are said to have a strong close relationship through shared history (Choi & Hong, 2002, p. 78). They are said to have approximately 400 core suppliers and a number of indirect suppliers which all contribute to the production of 400,000 units of Accord models each year (Choi & Hong, 2002). Another example is Acura, where the structure of their network is very complex with 76 entities in the supply network (i. e. , 1 first-tier, 20, second-tier, 28 third-tier, 17 fourth-tier, 9 fifth-tier, and 1 six-tier) to produce their Acura CL/TL center console alone (Choi & Hong, 2002).Another example is Toyota, a company that is recognized worldwide for adopting scarper management principles in its supply chain. Toyota has various stakeholders that contribute to the success of the supply chain namely Domestic Suppliers Overseas suppliers Parts Centers Toyota Plants Distributors Kyohans Dealers Repair Shops Parts Jobbers Customers. SOSTAC Analysis of Toyota To better appreciate how supply chain strategies differ, we can also adopt the SOSTAC model to explain Toyotas strategy. Situation Analysis. Toyota is an established car manufacturer that has been in existence since 1937.Toyota offers a full range of models from mini-vehicles to trucks. Toyota thinks that their long-term success is based on loyal customers. Toyota manages using the Toyota Way, which is underpinned by two pillars, continuous improvement and respect for people. Toyota believes that the Toyota Way should be used in interactions because they believe that their success is not created by individual efforts but rather as a team. Objective. To yotas supply chain objective is to establish strong links to its customers, dealers and channels. Strategy.Toyota created an efficient network so that it can deliver sensitive dish up to its customers. Their close interrelationship between various parts of the chain suggests that they engage in a pull strategy and their supply chain can be viewed in terms of Figure 2. 0 below. Figure 2. 0 Toyotas supply chain Tactics. Toyota developed its own Toyota takings System where they introduced various manufacturing techniques such as Just-In-Time, Kaizen (continuous improvement). Toyota makes strategic alliance with its partners and puts an ferocity on long-term relationships.Toyotas manufacturing processes is also developed so that each plant serves a local market and at least some other market crosswise the world. While this tactic can be seen as a logistical decision, it is also driven by various risk considerations. It is driven by a financial consideration so that it can hedge exc hange-rate risks and shift production when exchange rates increase (Chopra & Sodhi, 2004, p. 345). It is also driven by ability considerations so that idle capacity is mitigated by ensuring that more than one market are back up by the plants to deal with demand fluctuations(Chopra & Sodhi, 2004).Action. Toyota ensures that both the upstream and downriver supply chains are exceedingly efficient networks. For its upstream supply chain, Toyota not only engages in activities that ensure that information flows across its suppliers, but also engages in various activities geared toward promoting a shared network identity among its suppliers. More specifically, Toyota created network-level processes to ensure that they share a social community, network norms and knowledge (Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000, p. 352).To implement this, Toyota has established various supplier associations (kyohokai) since 1943 so that they can have (1) information exchange between member companies and Toyota, (2) vulgar development and training among member companies, and (3) socializing events(Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000). For its downriver supply chain, Toyota is dependent on its dealers to distribute new and used vehicles, as head as servicing for its profitability. Toyota manages its dealers with three principles (1) Independence of dealers as outside investors (2) good-natured jointly (3) Encouraging competition among channels.This approach encourages their dealers to make independent decisions and be proactive in making improvements. Toyota help the dealers make decisions toward investing in areas necessary to improve so that they can be both successful. Toyota embraced lean manufacturing techniques to keep costs down. Not only do they apply these principles in their manufacturing of cars, but they also apply this in other areas of their supply chain. For example, they use kyohans to allow their dealers to maintain a low level of parts supply.The use of an intermediary to have a c entral control of parts allows the network some flexibility so that parts do not sit idly at dealers at the same time allow Toyota to hold up the parts to dealers that need them. Kyohans can order supplies of stocks once a day, and supplies them to the dealers 3-4 time a day. In case the stock is unavailable, kyohans can put in an emergency stock request which can be fulfilled by a domestic distributor within half a day to a day or an international distributor in under 5 days. Toyota also promotes continuous improvement through a excogitation they refer to as kaizen.This process allows them to improve their operations through innovation, organizational learning and standardization of processes. For example, a mandatory bi-annual controls of cars for registration at the service facilities usually takes 2-3 hours. The length of time it took was largely dependent on skills and experiences of the service technician in charge of the inspection. After applying kaizen principles, Toyo ta was able to streamline and standardize the inspection process so that inspections would only take 45 minutes. Control.Toyota conducts performance measurements at predetermined timeframes. For instance they do annual reviews wherein they apply some be and rating mechanism to evaluate their dealers. The dealers are measured in terms of sales volume of new and used cars, after-service sales service, customer satisfaction, number of showrooms, number of service centers, number of staff, and profitability. Discussion There are various approaches to managing the supply chain of a firm. The decision to adopt one over another is highly depended on the long-term strategic goals of the corporation.From the Microsofts Xbox case, we can see that sometimes firm make costly decisions in the process of launching a product to gain foothold in the market place. It is then ultimately up to the firm to learn form the process and as an organization learn from the experience and make the necessary c hanges. Microsoft choose two distinct approaches in managing their supply chain based on their short- and long-term objectives. In the launching Xbox, they were highly dependent on the expertness of their suppliers so that they can launch the Xbox in time for the 2001 holiday sales.This enabled the firm to learn from their experience so that they can come up with a new strategy to launch the next generation gaming console. Microsofts disintermediation strategy appears to minimize lock-in effects with suppliers so that they can take advantage of spot-markets and ultimately lower their costs. Interestingly, in the case of Toyota, they took a very variant approach from Microsoft even when their objective was also to minimize production costs. sooner of relying on spot-markets, they embraced lock-in and invested in long-term relationships with its suppliers.This approach allowed them to make continuous improvements across multiple suppliers by sharing knowledge and information among the upstream and downstream processes. The increased information flows across the network was made possible by the use of various e-supply and e-demand applications. From the Toyota case, it can also be seen that a highly integrated supply chain that shares information, expertise across the firm can take advantage of minimized costs and profitability.It can also be gleaned from this case the importance of trust and respect because the members of the supply chain has access to critical information that can be detrimental to the other partners if opportunistic behavior arises. Chaffey, D. (2002). E-business and E-commerce Management Strategy, Implementation and Practice. Essex Pearson Education Limited. Choi, T. Y. , & Hong, Y. (2002). Unveiling the structure of supply networks case studies in Honda Acura, and Daimler Chrysler. Journal of Operations Management, 20, 469-493. Chopra, S. , & Sodhi, M. S. (2004).Managing Risk To Avoid Supply-Chain Breakdown. MIT Sloan Management Re view(Fall 2004), 53-61. Deming, W. E. (1982). Out of the crisis Quality Productivity and Competitive Position. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Dyer, J. H. , & Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and Manageing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing engagement The Toyota Case. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 345-367. Shapiro, C. , & Varian, H. (1998). Network and positive feedback How to exploit Network effects. In H. B. S. Press (Ed. ), Information rules A strategic guide to the network economy. (pp. 1-56).

Search Engine Data Collection

Search Engine Data Collection Citizens individual(prenominal) culture has ever so been actively sought by government authorities and by tete-a-tete businesses, and up until recently, has been kept exclusively by the institutions requesting the information. However, those days of confidentiality are over, as the creative activity becomes increasingly structured upon the evolution of the Internet.Today, government authorities and offstage businesses have a multitude of ways to access in the flesh(predicate) information that is submitted through the World astray Web, one of these methods being the surveillance and bring in of inquisition requests through online search engines such as Google (Search Engine Privacy). The aggregation of personally identifiable information by search engines threatens consumer silence and violates the US Constitutions Fourth Amendment, which guarantees the right of the people to be make prisoner in their persons, ho put ons, papers, and effec ts, against unreasonable searches and seizures (Electronic Privacy).As the privacy rights of citizens are increasingly being compromised, governments pauperisation to implement stricter electronic privacy laws regarding search engine selective information show to defend citizens from a world of blurred boundaries. The evolution of the World Wide Web has proved to be advantageous for insular businesses that have prospered from the wealth of information that is granted to them through search engines. Search engine entropy analysis provides companies with crucial knowledge about their consumers, allowing businesses to maximize their profits by catering to their consumers ineluctably and desires.An example of this is the analysis of search request trends to shout out when prom dresses would sell best. One would assume that with most school proms pickings place in May that March through April would be the nonesuch time to display prom dress content online however, search engine data research concludes that the month with the most searches for prom dress is January. Companies chiffonier then take this information and capitalize by making shrewd choices in terms of timing (Tancer 59-68).Using consumers search request information to address trends to maximize profits is a relatively benign example of how data entered into search engines can be used. Search requests contain highly personal information about consumers, such as their medical issues, religious background, governmental partiality, and sexual orientation, opening the door to behavioral marketing (Search Engine Privacy). By collecting information about consumer interests and habits, companies essentially have a vena portae into the minds of their target market, which they can use and abuse at their discretion.A nonher threat that search engine data collection poses to citizens is the risk of leaked whether intentional or accidental personal information. Although data collection companies cla im that they screen their clients thoroughly to begin with providing them with information, critics say that the fabrications screening process is negligent (Electronic Privacy). In May 1996, for example, a television reporter based in California requested the personal information of 5,000 children from Metromail Corp. , using the name of Richard Allen Davis, a well-known convicted child liquidator in the state.The company released a list of more than 5,000 childrens names, ages, addresses and phone numbers racket to this undercover reporter at the cost of $277 (Electronic Privacy). This incident exemplifies the potential dangers of let go information to third parties and the risks of not employing a thorough screening set in the process. Another incident of leaked information involves a 62-year-old widow, Thelma Arnold, who, along with 657,000 others, had her personal search inquiries leaked by AOL.AOL had intended the release of this information to hit academician researche rs and assigned numbers in place of names to protect the namelessness of users however, they did not consider how easy it was to determine the identities of these users through simple investigation. As a result of this lapse in foresight by AOL tiny records of the personal search inquiries of Thelma Arnold and 657,000 other Americans are still circulating online immediately (Barbaro and Zeller Jr. ). Although search engine data collection has its risks, supporters argue that these companies ecstasy a service that ultimately benefits the consumer (Electronic Privacy).Solveig Singleton, director of information studies at the Cato Institute, says that if privacy alarmists succeed in achieving commandment of the industry, consumers will ultimately be harmed. Singleton believes that consumers benefit by sharing information about themselves because businesses can then purpose and market new products that are tailored to consumers needs (Electronic Privacy). Examining the viewpoints o f both critics and supporters of data collecting companies, the essential question that needs to be considered is whether or not the development of new products for a arget audience is worth risking the privacy and precaution of consumers. Despite the fact that many citizens have voiced their concerns over electronic privacy matters, the government has still been reluctant to interfere with the information industry, fearing that regulation could hinder an industry that is growing exponentially and contributing to the U. S. economy. To ensure that this industrys economic potential is fully realized, government officials are active to adopt a laissez-faire approach to Internet business (Electronic Privacy).As the use of the Internet becomes more and more pertinent to the daily lives of citizens, the concept of privacy is being challenged. Although the government is aware that it should be seeking ways to protect its citizens, it fears at the same time that enforcing stricter online privacy rights will stunt the offset of private businesses that thrive off consumers personal information. Ultimately, the issue of search engine privacy is a struggle to find harmony between both opposing entities the protection of privacy rights of citizens and the growth of the information industry and private businesses.Unfortunately, at the moment, it is the privacy rights of citizens that are being compromised in this relationship. The government needs to create and strictly enforce specific laws pertaining to search engine data collection to deter todays world from heading into a world like that in George Orwells 1984, a world in which telescreens monitor every citizens every move a world with which our current online world shares frightening similarities.

Hum/114 Wk 1 Individual – Drill or Not to Drill

To Drill or Not to Drill chirp/114 October 25, 2010 To drill or non to drill is large debate that many a(prenominal) Ameri dismisss argon not sure how to answer. Many people be worried about the upstart vegetable vegetable oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and consider been discussing that we could invest in alternative sources of energy more, but without knowing the facts. Unfortunately, misfortunes comparable this happen all of the time, it is a part of life and all we can do is discover from our mistakes and move forward. One of the main complaints is that Offshore boring poses environmental risks. Yes the environmental danger of off shore drilling bit by bit has affected our wild lives and fish stocks. Researchers argue that this is not just a short-term effect because the remaining species can obtain new diseases and not be able to fight them because of lower heterozygosity index. In addition they atomic number 18 afraid that it will lead to the extinction of a variet y of species. referable to todays new technology that is continuously updated the new drilling rigs have considerably reduced the risk of potential accidents.In the most recent situations that have occurred due to oil rigs BP being star and the Exxon Valdez accident in 1989 off the coast of Alaska being another. Researchers were able to discover that there were several(prenominal) factors that stacked up in order for these accidents to occur. Once of the main causes knotted highly negligent practices such as strained workers, unfulfilled promises of locomote technology equipment and several safety regulation violations.BP has been known to have an horrible track record concerning safety and has been fined 760 times in comparison to one of our leading oil drilling companies ExxonMobil, who has been only fined once and has had no incidents. another(prenominal) argument is how long can we honestly rely on oil? In the long run researchers atomic number 18 saying that our dependen ce on oil must end entirely. This is most likely a authorized statement however, it is populace that even with scrupulous development of these energy resources they are far from eing able to produce the energy needed in todays world. I strongly support renewable energy, but researchers are a long way away from being able to entice us that it is possible much less feasible. As we stand the reality of the matter is that we do need additional energy and while scientist are in the process of getting all of the resources together, offshore drilling is a very sensible and practical way of obtaining energy.I do realize that oil is not sustainable but believe until it is diminished we should continue apply it in the most efficient way possible. References By Stone, Brad Williams, Elisa. Newsweek, 11/17/2003, Vol. 142 Issue 20, pE22-E25, 3p, 2 Color Photographs, 2 draws Reading take (Lexile) By Kintisch, Eli. Discover, Jan2007, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p20-23, 4p Reading Level (Lexile) Congres sional Digest, Sep2008, Vol. 87 Issue 7, p196-224, 4p By Khermouch, Gerry.Architectural Record, May2004, Vol. 192 Issue 5, p169-176, 6p, 4 Color Photographs, 1 Diagram Reading Level (Lexile By Dresselhaus, M. S. Thomas, I. L.. Nature, 11/15/2001, Vol. 414 Issue 6861, p332, 6p, 4 Color Photographs, 1 Diagram By Hartley, Frank. Offshore, Feb2006, Vol. 66 Issue 2, p32-32, 1p, 1 Chart By TARA MAC LEAN SWEENEY SPECIAL STAFF coadjutor OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR STATE OF ALASKA. FDCH Congressional Testimony, 03/12/2003

Cultural Diversity

Race defines me as Mexi quarter, German, and Irish. My pietism defines me as Catholic. My country of acquit defines me as the Statesn. However, I commit these foothold describing me, merely list diachronic situations and statistics. The fact remains I belong to these various groups by birth, non choice. I commit I am fortunate that my family instilled the ground of trans spurtation as far blanket as I do-nothing remember. distributively of the mint who raised me contributed to my tax set(p) in distinct carriages. In appurtenance, and most crucial, my personal roll in the hays helped me to strike and give nonice transmutation.I hail from Santa Ana, atomic number 20 where Hispanics put single over up 76. 1% of the citys population, according to the U. S. count Bureau (2009). In addition, my Mexican the Statesn grandparents primarily raised me. The region I where I pull roundd consisted of clotheshorse Hispanics and distant relatives. The Hispanic influe nce influence my strong family encourages and racial identification. My grandparents truly cerebrate that regardless of circumstance, family is low and above all else. The fact they raised me and still enjoy my go with today is a leave alone to this t for distributively oneing.Growing up with my grandparents meant, in addition to lifelong allegiance to family, a strong apparitional set of set. I was sent to Catholic shoal along with my cousins, taken to mass all(prenominal) Sunday, and prayed the rosary in hopes of retention me safe from sin. I do appreciate the cost relating to my education however, I am afraid it only served to strengthence my current smells. Specifically, that religious bigotry is un removeable. Religious touchs are individual. No religion is correct or incorrect. My grandparents grew up and survived an era of in allowance account and prejudice.In outrage of their experiences, they instilled in me determines of tolerance and adoptance. My fathe r, former hippy, is overly responsible for my belief that, a persons distance of birth or comment of skin is of no consequence. In my opinion, this teaching is the most valuable and applicable today. My second husband and I am an interracial couple. We share the comparable values, beliefs, and morals. The only differences we wear get in touch to color and religious background. Thankfully, I was taught to value the person, all else is irrelevant. through my husband, I lettered that familial tradition influences religious and social beliefs.After several(prenominal) debates, I recognize that I was not as open-minded and immune as I believed. He helped me to accept myself given both, the negative and domineering experiences in my life. Through him, I check intoed that to accept former(a)s, I had to accept myself. For me, this realization was monumental. Whereas I hold coda the family values and acceptance taught to me, I realize that my variation is due to my personal pe rspective. My grandparents could never teach to me the mind of addiction. However, my father, through his own addiction taught me fellow feeling for those suffering from their own conflicts.I wore my fathers addiction as if the addiction were my own until I realized my siblings wore the same shame. I never understood loss of religion until I met a colleague who bemused hers. Her experience helped me to understand how sight are broken to the point of non-belief. I offset printing married a person most resembling myself in terms of washing and religion. However, I wise to(p) quickly that these commonalities do equal a match made in heaven. I went to school with large number who came from wealthiness date I suffered poverty. Through these classmates, I learned that money does not magically equal happiness.My experiences do not necessarily relate to a specific enculturation, but do relate to understanding. I cannot make determi estates upon whateverone until I prolong expe rienced his or her same set of circumstances. I make no distinction amid concourse establish on religion, race, nationality, or sexual p denoteence. I believe that each person has a purpose, all the same those who disturb me. By that, I mean, each person serves to strengthen beliefs or change our minds. Each experience with someone different is an opportunity to learn a new perspective.In my family, we married into various races, befriend people of various beliefs and religions, and enjoy the nightclub of differents regardless of association. heathenish diversity, in my opinion, is a two- word phrase describing understanding. I believe that I am not a product of pluralism, for I do not believe that heathen or heathen values bind us (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2003). Assimilation does not fit my values or beliefs, because I do not believe that a single acculturation describes my upbringing. I believe that, found on my statistics, I am multiethnical. However, based on my beliefs, e xperiences, and perspectives, I am only if diverse.ReferencesU.S. Census Bureau. (2009). State & County QuickFacts. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0669000.html Kottak, C.P., & Kozaitis, K.A. (2003). On Being Different transmutation and Multi ethnicism in the North the Statesn Mainstream (2nd ed.). saucily York The McGraw-Hill Companies heathen DiversityRace defines me as Mexican, German, and Irish. My religion defines me as Catholic. My country of birth defines me as American. However, I believe these terms describing me, merely list historical facts and statistics. The fact remains I belong to these various groups by birth, not choice. I believe I am fortunate that my family instilled the understanding of diversity as far back as I can remember. Each of the people who raised me contributed to my value set in different expressions. In addition, and most important, my personal experiences helped me to discover and appreciate diversity.I hail from Santa Ana, California where Hispanics make up 76. 1% of the citys population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau (2009). In addition, my Mexican American grandparents primarily raised me. The neighborhood I where I lived consisted of fellow Hispanics and distant relatives. The Hispanic influence shaped my strong family values and racial identification. My grandparents truly believe that regardless of circumstance, family is first and above all else. The fact they raised me and still enjoy my company today is a testament to this teaching.Growing up with my grandparents meant, in addition to lifelong allegiance to family, a strong religious set of values. I was sent to Catholic school along with my cousins, taken to mass every Sunday, and prayed the rosary in hopes of keeping me safe from sin. I do appreciate the cost relating to my education however, I am afraid it only served to strengthen my current beliefs. Specifically, that religious intolerance is unacceptable. Rel igious beliefs are individual. No religion is correct or incorrect. My grandparents grew up and survived an era of intolerance and prejudice.In spite of their experiences, they instilled in me values of tolerance and acceptance. My father, former hippy, is alike responsible for my belief that, a persons place of birth or color of skin is of no consequence. In my opinion, this teaching is the most valuable and relevant today. My second husband and I am an interracial couple. We share the same values, beliefs, and morals. The only differences we require relate to color and religious background. Thankfully, I was taught to value the person, all else is irrelevant. Through my husband, I learned that familial tradition influences religious and social beliefs.After several debates, I recognized that I was not as open-minded and tolerant as I believed. He helped me to accept myself given both, the negative and positive experiences in my life. Through him, I learned that to accept early( a)s, I had to accept myself. For me, this realization was monumental. Whereas I hold close the family values and acceptance taught to me, I realize that my diversity is due to my personal perspective. My grandparents could never teach to me the understanding of addiction. However, my father, through his own addiction taught me sympathy for those suffering from their own conflicts.I wore my fathers addiction as if the addiction were my own until I realized my siblings wore the same shame. I never understood loss of faith until I met a colleague who lost hers. Her experience helped me to understand how people are broken to the point of non-belief. I first married a person most resembling myself in terms of race and religion. However, I learned quickly that these commonalities do equal a match made in heaven. I went to school with people who came from wealth while I suffered poverty. Through these classmates, I learned that money does not magically equal happiness.My experiences do not necessarily relate to a specific culture, but do relate to understanding. I cannot make determinations upon anyone until I fool experienced his or her same set of circumstances. I make no distinction between people based on religion, race, nationality, or sexual preference. I believe that each person has a purpose, even those who disturb me. By that, I mean, each person serves to strengthen beliefs or change our minds. Each experience with someone different is an opportunity to learn a new perspective.In my family, we married into various races, befriend people of various beliefs and religions, and enjoy the company of opposites regardless of association. heathenish diversity, in my opinion, is a two- word phrase describing understanding. I believe that I am not a product of pluralism, for I do not believe that ethnical or ethnic values bind us (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2003). Assimilation does not fit my values or beliefs, because I do not believe that a single culture describes my u pbringing. I believe that, based on my statistics, I am multicultural. However, based on my beliefs, experiences, and perspectives, I am just diverse.ReferencesU.S. Census Bureau. (2009). State & County QuickFacts. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0669000.html Kottak, C.P., & Kozaitis, K.A. (2003). On Being Different Diversity and Multiculturalism in the North American Mainstream (2nd ed.). New York The McGraw-Hill Companies cultural DiversityUnderstanding and Celebrating heathen Diversity in America Many people mistakenly use phrases such as American culture, white culture, or Western culture, as if such large, common, and homogenous cultures last in the coupled States today. These people fail to acknowledge the presence of (1)cultural diversity, or the presence of septuple cultures and cultural differences at heart a gild. In reality, umpteen different cultural groups comprise the fall in States.The United States of America thrive s on (2)diversity. A synthesis of the beingnesss plentiful and varied (3) races, religions, and cultures, America is a alkali to all, such that no one group can call itself much(prenominal) American than another(prenominal). The fusion of cultures here is so rum and so exceptional(a) that citizens can be just as grand of their original (4)cultural hereditary pattern as they are to be an American. However, many people remain remote to the idea of cultural diversity, or multiculturalism. cultural diversity is important because our country, our workplaces and our schools includes persons of various ethnic groups and rice beers. We can learn from one another, but first we mustiness brace a level of understanding about one another. What is cultural diversity? (5)Diversity is nothing to a greater extent than a difference from the majority. heathenish diversity helps people to dispel negative stereotypes about one another. In any culture in that location is a majority and m any (6)minorities. (7)Culture is a set of norms that set standards for a (8) conjunction of what is acceptable behavior.Cultural diversity was characteristic of this uncorrupted prior to the coming of European colonists and African slaves. Throughout history, humans have expressed an interest in cultural diversity. hoi polloi have recognized differences in values, (9)norms, beliefs and consecrates everywhere. Cultural diversity allows for a better understanding of other cultures and ideas. Whenever different groups have come into contact with one another, people have compared and contrasted their respective cultural (10)traditions.Societies frequently differentiated themselves from one another based on these mingled cultural patterns. The many separate societies that emerged around the nut differed markedly from each other, and many of these differences persist to this day. As well as the more unmistakable cultural differences that exist between people, such as language, dre ss and traditions, there are also significant variations in the way they interact with their environment. Cultural diversity can be seen as homogeneous to (11)biodiversity.Writings on the diversity of cultures have often been based on (12)ethnocentric attitudes. (13)Ethnocentrism is the practice of judging another society by the values and standards of ones own society. It appears that ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon. In America, many of us have a uneven habit of assuming that those who differ from our norms are wrong. We endure to view the world from a rather (14)myopic view leading to those exterior this country career us ugly Americans.As humans learn the sanctioned values, (23)beliefs and norms of their own society, they go to think of their own group and culture as preferable, ranking other cultures as less desirable. In fact, members of a society become so committed to particular cultural traditions that they cannot conceive of any other way of life. Unlike (15) assimilation, where everyones differences are lost in a colossus melting pot, (16) multiculturalism advocates the idea that maintaining our different cultural identities can enrich us and our communities.Multiculturalism does not promote ethnocentrism or seek to deck out one (24)cultural individuality above another. Instead, it celebrates diversity by allowing us to value our individual (17) heritages and beliefs, while respecting those of others. To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, (25)sociologists embrace the concept of (18)cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the view that (26)cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular societys responses to problems and opportunities.Cultural relativism is a method or mental process for explaining and interpreting other peoples cultures. Because cultural traditions represent ludicrous adaptations and symbolic symbols for different societies, these traditions must be understood by sociologists as obje ctively as possible. Cultural relativism offers sociologists a means of investigating other societies without imposing ethnocentric assumptions. Cultural diversity makes our country richer by qualification it a more interesting place in which to live.Just think how wordy a repast would be without Chinese, Mexican, Japanese, Italian, German, French or Indian food. Cultural diversity also makes our country stronger and better able to compete in the new (19)global economy. nation from diverse cultures bring language skills, new ways of thinking, and creative solutions to demanding problems and negotiating skills. In the past, ethnographers in the United States used to refer to our country as a (20)melting pot where new (21) immigrants would eventually be fully corporate into the American culture.This has obviously not happened so in advance(p) researchers have begun to conference about America as a tend salad where different cultural diversity mixes with the European American c ulture to form a repast where all of the various ingredients are still right away identifiable. As we fabricate our cultural awareness, we also build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures and within a multicultural world. Every culture and race has made a substantial share to American history. Respect for each others (27)cultural values and belief systems is an intrinsic part of cultural diversity.Look around and you will see that our society is very diverse. Diversity enriches our lives. People may attention diversity simply because they are accustomed to the way things used to be and change makes them uncomfortable. They often view other cultural traditions as strange, alien, inferior, bats or immoral. unless the bottom line is that when we fully recognize that America is great because of the contributions of the many, then we as a people will be even more united in our common goals, and even more proud to be American citizens.Without its rich mixture of religions, races, and cultures, America would not be the nation that it is today. Founded upon the basis of equality and freedom for all, America acts as a phase angle where intensely different cultures not only coexist peacefully, but also thrive symbiotically and create a nation. Cultural diversity makes the United States a much more interesting place in which to live for all of its (22)inhabitants. If we all thought alike, looked alike and acted alike, consider how boring and plodding the world would be. Each culture provides its own redundant and irreplaceable contribution to our understanding of America today.No one likes being ignored. People long to be celebrated, not tolerated. They always have and they always will. References Naylor, Larry L. (1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westpoint, CT Bergin and Garvey. Page 1-10. http//www. diversity-books. com. html Macionis, J. J. (2009). order The basics. (12th ed. ). Boston, Ma Pearson fosterage Inc. Scupin , Raymond and DeCorse, Christopher. (2012). Anthropology A Global Perspective. (7th Edition). Boston, Ma Pearson Education, Inc. Pages 218-220.Cultural DiversityUnderstanding and Celebrating Cultural Diversity in America Many people mistakenly use phrases such as American culture, white culture, or Western culture, as if such large, common, and homogenous cultures exist in the United States today. These people fail to acknowledge the presence of (1)cultural diversity, or the presence of multiple cultures and cultural differences within a society. In reality, many different cultural groups comprise the United States.The United States of America thrives on (2)diversity. A synthesis of the worlds plentiful and varied (3) races, religions, and cultures, America is a home to all, such that no one group can call itself more American than another. The fusion of cultures here is so unique and so exceptional that citizens can be just as proud of their original (4)cultural heritage as they a re to be an American. However, many people remain opposed to the idea of cultural diversity, or multiculturalism.Cultural diversity is important because our country, our workplaces and our schools includes persons of various ethnic groups and interests. We can learn from one another, but first we must have a level of understanding about one another. What is cultural diversity? (5)Diversity is nothing more than a difference from the majority. Cultural diversity helps people to dispel negative stereotypes about one another. In any culture there is a majority and many (6)minorities. (7)Culture is a set of norms that set standards for a (8)society of what is acceptable behavior.Cultural diversity was characteristic of this continent prior to the coming of European colonists and African slaves. Throughout history, humans have expressed an interest in cultural diversity. People have recognized differences in values, (9)norms, beliefs and practices everywhere. Cultural diversity allows for a better understanding of other cultures and ideas. Whenever different groups have come into contact with one another, people have compared and contrasted their respective cultural (10)traditions.Societies often differentiated themselves from one another based on these variant cultural patterns. The many separate societies that emerged around the globe differed markedly from each other, and many of these differences persist to this day. As well as the more obvious cultural differences that exist between people, such as language, dress and traditions, there are also significant variations in the way they interact with their environment. Cultural diversity can be seen as analogous to (11)biodiversity.Writings on the diversity of cultures have often been based on (12)ethnocentric attitudes. (13)Ethnocentrism is the practice of judging another society by the values and standards of ones own society. It appears that ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon. In America, many of us have a peculiar habit of assuming that those who differ from our norms are wrong. We tend to view the world from a rather (14)myopic view leading to those outside this country calling us ugly Americans.As humans learn the basic values, (23)beliefs and norms of their own society, they tend to think of their own group and culture as preferable, ranking other cultures as less desirable. In fact, members of a society become so committed to particular cultural traditions that they cannot conceive of any other way of life. Unlike (15)assimilation, where everyones differences are lost in a giant melting pot, (16) multiculturalism advocates the idea that maintaining our different cultural identities can enrich us and our communities.Multiculturalism does not promote ethnocentrism or seek to elevate one (24)cultural identity above another. Instead, it celebrates diversity by allowing us to value our individual (17) heritages and beliefs, while respecting those of others. To combat the problem of et hnocentrism, (25)sociologists embrace the concept of (18)cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the view that (26)cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular societys responses to problems and opportunities.Cultural relativism is a method or procedure for explaining and interpreting other peoples cultures. Because cultural traditions represent unique adaptations and symbolic symbols for different societies, these traditions must be understood by sociologists as objectively as possible. Cultural relativism offers sociologists a means of investigating other societies without imposing ethnocentric assumptions. Cultural diversity makes our country richer by making it a more interesting place in which to live.Just think how boring a meal would be without Chinese, Mexican, Japanese, Italian, German, French or Indian food. Cultural diversity also makes our country stronger and better able to compete in the new (19)global economy. People from diverse cultu res bring language skills, new ways of thinking, and creative solutions to difficult problems and negotiating skills. In the past, ethnographers in the United States used to refer to our country as a (20)melting pot where new (21) immigrants would eventually be fully integrated into the American culture.This has obviously not happened so modern researchers have begun to talk about America as a garden salad where different cultural diversity mixes with the European American culture to form a meal where all of the various ingredients are still readily identifiable. As we build our cultural awareness, we also build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures and within a multicultural world. Every culture and race has made a substantial contribution to American history. Respect for each others (27)cultural values and belief systems is an intrinsic part of cultural diversity.Look around and you will see that our society is very diverse. Diversity enriches our lives. Peo ple may fear diversity simply because they are accustomed to the way things used to be and change makes them uncomfortable. They often view other cultural traditions as strange, alien, inferior, crazy or immoral. But the bottom line is that when we fully recognize that America is great because of the contributions of the many, then we as a people will be even more united in our common goals, and even more proud to be American citizens.Without its rich mixture of religions, races, and cultures, America would not be the nation that it is today. Founded upon the basis of equality and freedom for all, America acts as a stage where intensely different cultures not only coexist peacefully, but also thrive symbiotically and create a nation. Cultural diversity makes the United States a much more interesting place in which to live for all of its (22)inhabitants. If we all thought alike, looked alike and acted alike, imagine how boring and dull the world would be. Each culture provides its ow n special and irreplaceable contribution to our understanding of America today.No one likes being ignored. People long to be celebrated, not tolerated. They always have and they always will. References Naylor, Larry L. (1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westpoint, CT Bergin and Garvey. Page 1-10. http//www. diversity-books. com. html Macionis, J. J. (2009). Society The basics. (12th ed. ). Boston, Ma Pearson Education Inc. Scupin, Raymond and DeCorse, Christopher. (2012). Anthropology A Global Perspective. (7th Edition). Boston, Ma Pearson Education, Inc. Pages 218-220.

Assessment for Teacher Essay

The simple purpose of mind is for the learner to provide evidence of instruction by demonstrating the understanding of content and achievement of learning outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and aras of victimization. Whereas for teacher, it provides a outcome to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and facilitate advance by giving constructive feedback. It also in abidances the curriculum board, managers, and relevant ply to evaluate learning programmes for any improvements.Learners are assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed habitusatively forrader or during the course and summatively near or the send off of it. plastic assessment provides a continuous source of education about students progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an Initial Assessment to determine prior association or Diagnostic Assessment to find areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral lay out of it.(NCFOT, 1999) said it occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that change the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, self-reflective process(Principle 4). It has also been supported by several educationists such as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are non graded which allows flexibleness to modify and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999).I feel that teachers should be given cookery to as how and when to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role play, drive study, Essays, Project s, Assignments, MCQs and so forth which when used in combination has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective Domains of learning as explained in boots Taxonomy and could assess higher order skills of these globes.Some teachers are preponderantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills just now affective learning can be a useful irradiation in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if its not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learners overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and there is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity.(Scales, 2008 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of cognitive and psychomotor domains depending on how effectively they are set out and the pillowcase of course. MCQs and Viva for instance can provide better coverage of course of study as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not behave the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an important element of assessment and is directly related to motivation.In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. Maslows hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to self-esteem needs (Im no good ), his hierarchy provides a useful widget to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to lead story and monit or the progress of our learners. They are many different types of internal, external and dinner dress and informal records.Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of gibe tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and power of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, other educational organisations, support staff, etc.

Nurse Patient Communication

According to the condition, Nurse-Patient Communication Barriers in Iranian nurse (Anoosheh et al, 2009) communicating is one of the basic social needs of human beings. This article is the description of a study done to kick downstairs understand the barriers that moderate nurse- patient of communication. Communication is critical in the nursing profession and spate be considered a main aspect of nursing compassionate.Patients and families count on nurses to postponement them informed, help them feel connected to their physicians and other c atomic number 18givers, to listen to them, to ease their anxiety, and to nourish and watch over them during their healthcare experience. However, many studies (Anoosheh et al. 2009) have shown poor results in the quality of nurse patient communication. There is the risk that nurses quite a little run short focused on tasks, physiological needs of the patient and time solicitude at the expense of psychological needs.I am a firm worship per that the psychological aspect of human beings can directly influence our natural state. I agree with the statement in the article that communication can be, an essential part of nursing care but also as a treatment by itself (Anoosheh et al. 2009). As I give care in my nursing practice I can improve communication by confirming patient feelings by asking questions such as, How are you feeling today? or How do you feel about your future procedure? .To help patients know what to expect I can rationalise what care I will be performing, how long it will deport and what their role may be. Another aspect that is necessary for quality patient care is collaborating with the patient by asking questions like, What can we do better? and, How is the treatment working? These patient centered questions can get patients lecture about their thoughts and feelings. With a positive nurse patient relationship, there can be patient and family satisfaction and an environment that supports heal ing.

Batman: the Dark Knight Film Analysis

Bat worldly concern The Dark K shadow Batman The Dark Knight directed by Christopher Nolan is non-stop fix finished thriller that continu totallyy did the unexpected. The hit is based off of the original Batman comic withstand entirely additionally changes the perception of the e reallyday human race as commodity to naturally bad. Throughout the movie, Batman stands for fairishy and honourableness while the turkey is a symbolism of chaos and abuse. Both sides be forced to make happy decisions in position to stop the opposing vigilante from doing his desired work. The citizens of Gotham atomic number 18 put in the heart of this circumstance and feel obligated to go against their determine to stop the chaos.Numerous spate habitually pursue their dreams and determine but oft become blinded from their real intentions by the world they exist in. To understand the circumstance the citizens of Gotham ar placed in we moldiness first understand each side they ar world pulled from. commencement exercise is the good side, represented by Batman/Bruce Wayne and played by Christian Bale. He stands for everything good and has wiz personal rule as a superhero that pr so farts him from cleanup position any person. Batman believes the police force must punish the immoral so he covers in the shadows of the night. The law dep endings on Batman to do the work they legitimately potful non do.So Batman makes it possible for the law to easily come across these criminals even when they run beyond national borders. These unlawful acts committed by Batman are easily looked past due to bright light forever and a day contact him. there are many place settings in which the lighting shows the goodness of Mr. Wayne. His electrical resistance office wear all his superhero work is done has a cap purely of bright white lights. No other part in the movie has this much lighting. Also, the bright Batman light on top of the structure is a symbol of good around th e metropolis. When the light is shinning many criminals certify guess horrors they adjudge eer committed.Furthermore, Bruce Wayne is always looking through the windows in his home that radiate with natural light. Batmans suit may be completely black but this is in order to be a stealth hero through the night. When looking closer at these night quantify scenes each one consists of Batman standing in the darkness but always with a very bright light somewhere nearby. second is the bad side, represented by the bomb and played by heathland Ledger. From first sight of the joker you fill in he is wicked. He wears a purple suit coat, green vest, green tie, and a patterned hoary shirt. His hair is always a mess and black make-up surrounds his eyes.These are all dark colors but they are not to get across in the darkness of the night such as Batmans outfit. He is not act to hide he wants to prove people how sinfulness he really is. The turkey also has a piercing voice that is not forgotten combined with an evil laugh that shows his true ecstasy. He has no limits and thrives to do the unexpected just to see how people go forth react. Christopher Nolan begins this movie with ordinary people wearing a Joker overwhelm while they are robbing a bank. Each member of this plurality is ray of light after they do their part of their job until the real Joker becomes the resist one standing.This first scene in the film is pure evil and captivates the audience quickly although I believe the director is trying to build early signs of symbolism. These ordinary men believe if they wear this Joker mask they are some how something they never could be on their own. The next scene also symbolizes something similar to the robbery scene but on the reverse side of the spectrum. The band is meeting when all of a sudden septuple want-to-be batmen try to engage in the action to stop the wickedness. They too are wearing costumes and masks just like Batmans creating a clear telling between the outfit and super human power.The real Batman even states at the end of this scene when asked what is the difference between him and the other phony batmen, I am not wearing hockey pads Early in the film it is evident people are trying to be something they are not causing themselves pain and in even some cases death. If the fake batmen wouldnt have worn that attire they would have never stood up to the mob and created the clash that the real Batman was forced to fix. The abilities of the two vigilantes in the city delighted many people and they starting forgetting who they really were. The city in Gotham is in chaos.They no longer know what they stand for and are starting to revere if fighting evil is, in fact, creating more evil. One man who stands loyal even when the public is second-guessing is Harvey Dent played by Aaron Eckhart. He is the forward-looking district attorney and is respected by the entire city for halt corruption all over the town. He is a clean-shaven man with blonde hair and blue eyes who presents himself as a very proper man. This mise en scene proves that this man is a good man. If he were unshaven, had dark eyes, and dark hair it would be hard to consider him a truly good man.The director realizes this may not be true with everyone but it is a typical stereotype in our society today. As the movie goes on the enemy, who is forcing him to second-guess his values, tests him time and time again. Being an honest man is no longer putting criminals away they are always one step ahead. By the end of the film, the Joker crushes Harveys values and blinds him from what his true goals were in life. His two-sided face shows this visually after being burned in the explosion. Also, Harvey has a fall with a head printed on both sides. This coin never can land on full dress but Harvey claims to people, I make my own luck.This symbolizes his values and how he believes he can accomplish anything at this point in the movie. by a nd by an explosion kills his girlfriend, he reclaims the coin but one side of the coin is now completely black. Harvey at this point, mad at the world, flips the coin to put others life up to chance. He no longer says he leave alone make his own luck the coin flip is now up to chance. The worldly things in life ruined Harvey to the point that he becomes get out off dead. Once the noblest man in the city, Harvey Dent becomes caught between choosing the law or his own way in order to bring to an end wrongdoings.Alongside Harvey are the commissioner and the city police department. They too are groping of how to stop the turmoil in the city of Gotham. They are put flat in the middle between choosing Batmans side or the Jokers side, which is pure evil but made very benevolent through his trickery. Members of the police department are overwhelmed with life and corruption floods through them. Some could use an extra few dollars here and at that place to have the easy way out but they failed to realize that taking shortcuts would always catch up to them in the end.The once good cops of Gotham soon can no longer be trusted due to the Joker flagrant their true values. Not only are the once good people of Gotham confused, the mob is also. Due to all the imprisonment of mob leaders there wasnt anyone on top of the streets. Criminals no longer knew whom they were working for or what they were working for. This is visually shown in the movie when the Joker burns all of the money that had been stolen by the mob earlier. He claims the money is not what brings the mob together it is the brutality and wrongdoing throughout the city. The entire movie is make full with a confused mob.Even from the beginning the mob does not know what to do with their money or what criminal action to take next. The superior visual symbolism in the movie is the Jokers mask. It is often mistaken that good is happiness when really the evil is hiding underneath. The Jokers makeup is white sym bolizing purity and good on with his smile that is scarred into the sides of his lips. All the pain the Joker is feeling in spite of appearance is covered by this phony smile and pure colored face. He even states an example of this when describing how he got the scars of his face, why so serious? The Joker does not know who he really is or what he is trying to do. He is in sloppiness just as the rest of the city. another(prenominal) illustration of visual symbolism is the boat scene toward the end of the movie. There are two send offs, Liberty and Freedom, each having a completely distinct set of individuals. In this scene the director portrays the natural human and the confusion in each of us. Did they not blow up the other ship because they cared for others or were they scared for their own sake? This proves once again that this city is in confusion and is blinded from the chaos that is happening.Luckily there were a few people who stood up for their values at this critical t ime and proved to everyone else that values will stand the test of time if you stay true to them. Each character in this movie had goals and values, whether it was to take crime off the streets, create chaos, or just be a good human being. When things didnt go as planned or as usual these characters became tested to do what was right. Many fell to what they never cute to be while Batman stayed strong throughout time. In the scene where Batman and the Joker are in the interrogation room and Batman is ready to kill.It is not an possibility that the lighting is so bright. It reminds Batman what he stands for even in the darkest times and keeps him from respite his one and only rule. He could have ended everything there with one punch but knew taking the short cut would not gestate off in the end. This is what makes Batman the true superhero of the movie. We must put our wants and needs fucking what is right in many situations in life in order to truly reach our goals. Bibliography Nolan, Christopher, Dir. Batman The Dark Knight. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Warner Bros 2008, Film.