Martin Luther And Bible Translation Essays - Christianity, Religion

Martin Luther And Bible Translation Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483. He lived on a farm where his parents raised seven children. He began his schooling at age four and he later entered the monastery when he was twenty-two in 1505. After entering the monastery a good friend of Luther's passed away. This traumatic experience made Luther start thinking about life, death, and his destiny. Pondering these new thoughts led Luther to focus on Christian studies. On April 4, 1507 Luther was ordained a priest. With his new status among the church Luther was cautious because not only did he respect the power of God he also feared it. There were many scholars that translated the bible from Greek to the German language. Martin Luther was the most famous of them all. Other notable attempts to translate the bible were made by Hans Denck, Johann Dietenberger, and Ludwig Hatzer. These scholars and writers gave their best effort to translate and improve upon the current version. It was not until Luther's translation that the German church had an acceptable bible to preach by. Martin Luther believed in "one Church, established by Christ and that he was reforming it" (Todd 99). In 1517 Luther expressed his disappointment with the Catholic Church by publishing his Ninety-Five Theses. After the publication Luther began to receive political pressure for his criticism of the Catholic Church. However, Luther persevered and held strong to his beliefs. Luther was so disturbed about the direction the Church was going that he decided to form his own religion. This version of Catholic faith is called Lutheranism. Luther, with his new religion saw the need for to have a book of guidelines to follow. It is about this time that Luther began the daunting task of translating the New Testament into German. He finished the translation from Greek to German about September 1522. He titled it Das Neue Testament Deutzsh which eventually became know as the September Testament. Soon, after Luther began translating the Old Testament as well. These were printed in sections as soon as the translation was complete. He felt it was necessary for the German people know and learn about Jesus Christ. In 1534 Martin Luther completed his mission when the first German Bible was sent to print. There is no other way to describe Luther's translation except as the best of his time. I feel reference that Bluhm gives Luther is the only one who does him justice: Luther's German Bible is famous book, a classic no only of German but of world literature. Its eminence is universally recognized. Beyond being the first as well as the foremost of the major Protestant versions of the Bible, it is one of the two greatest translations the Christian church of the West has produced. It was the earliest and most successful rival of the vulgate. Catholic as well as Protestant scholars fully recognize the high artistic level of Luther's German Bible. It is superior to the Vulgate both in accuracy and in literary quality (Bluhm 15). Martin Luther was very strongly committed to translating the Bible to German in its most pure form without his own opinions or bias conveyed with it. He tried to capture what the scripture was really trying to say. Luther's background in Theology helped him a great deal with the translation of the Bible. His studies centered on "the hard intellectual thought about Christian doctrine" (Todd 231). Of all the many translations of the Bible that have been completed I feel that Martin Luther's was one of the best. He made Theology his life's work and he continued to improve the Bible, Lutheranism, and all his works until he passed away in February 1545. Works Cited Bluhm, Heinz. Martin Luter: Creative Translator. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965 Todd, John M. Martin Luther: A Biographical Study. Westminster: First American Printing, 1965.

Political Contention Essay Essays

Political Contention Essay Essays Political Contention Essay Essay Political Contention Essay Essay Solita Collas-Monsod is a professor at the University of the Philippines: Diliman and a author in the Filipino Daily Inquirer. Solita Collas-Monsod’s article entitled â€Å"The Trillanes Myth† was published or appeared in the Filipino Daily Inquirer and was last updated in September 3. 2007. The writer was able to catch the attending of its audience. and she was able to efficaciously utilize the rubric of her article to give a bird’s oculus position of what is stored for the readers. She besides starts her column through a statement of her base sing the issue being discussed. The writer wanted to demo or inform the audience and or the readers of the Filipino Daily Inquirer about the Trillanes group which started a putsch d’ etat in Oakwood Hotel. or the good known â€Å"Oakwood ‘Mutiny† . wherein there were 300 uniformed military officers and work forces who were guided or led by Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV. Her statements besides province that the Court. led by July 25 order of RTC Judge Oscar B. Pimentel. should go on its house base with respects to enforcing the necessary jurisprudence or exercise authorities authorization. without proof of the badges of inequality. She assumed that the universe. more specifically the sympathisers of the Trillanes group or the military officers. should non be deranged or persuaded by the â€Å"idealisms and principles† of the Trillanes group. She besides states that the audience. we. should non be blinded by the myths or prevarications which the Trillanes group gives us. and that we should lodge or be steadfast with our authorities regulations about putsch d’etats. Solita Collas-Monsod values the truth and in seeking proper justness for such lawbreakers of the jurisprudence. She strongly believes that proper justness or penalty in conformity with the authorities Torahs should be imposed on the Trillanes group. and we should make this objectively. non subjectively. Monsod was able to specify footings clearly in her article. Solita Collas-Monsod did her assignment or did basic research. therefore. she was able to back up her statements with ample and adequate facts. The statement for me is successful. and it does convert me. There are facts or sufficient back uping statements used by Monsod in her article and these facts or statements seem truly dependable. My beliefs and line of thought was the same as Monsod with respects to the â€Å"Oakwood ‘Mutiny† . more specifically about the Trillanes group. Monsod’s statement strengthened my former belief about proper authorities executing of its Torahs. Politically talking. this is truly an eye-opening article non merely to the populace but to the authorities and its functionaries every bit good. more specifically to the Judicial Court. There are times when I had little uncertainties with respects the Judiciary system of the Philippines before. but because of Monsod’s article. and facts that she stated about the actions taken by the Court. led by Judge Pimentel. these uncertainties are non gone. I believe that so. the political universe still has its â€Å"impartiality. † Solita Collas-Monsod’s article affects the political procedure by merely beef uping the execution of Judicial jurisprudence and in informing the populace about the Trillanes group. The authorities and the populace. or the audience. are at the advantage. whereas the Trillanes group is decidedly in the losing terminal. Work Cited: Collas-Monsod. Solita. â€Å"The Trillanes Myth. † The Filipino Daily Inquirer. 2007.

Introduction Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction - Lab Report Example Coral reefs are found in about 100 countries and are home to over 25% of marine population and are the world's most fragile ones. They are topographically complex. Thousands of species of fish and invertebrates live in association with reefs, because of their complexity. For example, hundreds of colonial invertebrate species are found living on the undersides of platy corals in Caribbean Sea. Coral Bleaching: Coral bleaching is the whitening of diverse coral colonies. It happens as the reaction of the loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae, residing within corals, or a reduction in its photosynthetic pigments. Factors causing coral bleaching include various anthropogenic and natural variations in the environment including sea temperature, solar irradiance, sedimentation, xenobiotics, sub aerial exposure, inorganic nutrients, freshwater dilution, and epizootics. Coral bleaching is caused by both low as well as high levels of salinity. Low salinity level originates from sea water dilution tha t is a result of high precipitation events or storm runoff. High salinity levels are produced by the desalination plant operations. Copper accumulation is the dominant trait of Aiptasia pallida. They are sensitive towards the relevant copper concentrations. Hence they may be useful in bio-monitoring of copper polluted environments.

Write a single page summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a single page summarizing - Essay Example The company was happy with the product, which manifested great features as compared to Apple II. However, the happiness was cut short, two months after introduction. The project did not consider the available software, as only three existed. Evidently, no software was expected at the time for a period of six months hence making operations difficult. Apple III software was buggy and crashed even at little functions such as the save command. Certainly, this caused frustration among journalists interested in exploring the new device. The problems did not stop at the software, but the motherboard also got hot hence pushing chips out of their sockets. In response, Apple officials advised customers to drop their systems for reset. Nonetheless, the project came at a halt when IBM launched a more effective computer at lower prices ($1,565) than Apple. In this light, customers crossed over to IBM PC without giving apple even the alternative option hence the

Analytical Critique of the Novel Ionization Device for Controlling the Term Paper

Analytical Critique of the Novel Ionization Device for Controlling the Charge States of Peptides - Term Paper Example Therefore understanding current improvements in the analytical procedures such as the inductive ionization technique is vital in the progress of proteomics. This paper by Peng et al (pp.8863) presents an improvement of the electrospray ionization method used in mass spectrometry, the inductive electrospray (inductive ESI). This work provides a background of the existing electrospray (conventional electrospray) method, its short comings and then attempts to introduce the novel technique. The benefits of the new technique are highlighted in the study together with a simple experiment giving a comparison of the mass spectrum produced by the conventional ESI and the one produced by inductive ESI. A background Mass spectrometer is used to measure samples by producing ions and separating them according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. In mass spectrometric analysis various steps are carried on the sample to be analysed. These include atomization, conversion of the atomized portion into a stream of ions. The streams of ions are then separated based on their charge-to-mass ratio (m/z). Final step in mass spectroscopy involves measuring the current when these ions hit appropriate transducers. Major components of a mass spectrometer are an inlet system for injecting micro amounts of the sample to the ion source. Conversion of the sample into ions is achieved by bombarding the sample with electrons, ions or molecules. Upon samples being converted into ions, the stream of ions is directed into a mass analyzer which disperses the ions based on m/z ratio. From the mass analyzer, the transducer converts the beam of ions into electrical signal which are processed to generate a mass spectrum of the analyte. Method for ionization falls into two categories; the gas phase and desorption methods. Gas phase involves the vaporization and ionization of a sample whereas in desorption method; solid or liquid sample is converted into a gaseous phase directly. Matrix-assisted desorpti on-ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) are examples of desorption ion sources for mass spectrometry and bear the advantage of being applicable to thermally unstable samples as well as in non-volatile samples. Electrospray ionization(ESI) is based on extraction of ions from solution (Rosenberg 845). ESI is amenable in the analyses of biomolecules such as polypeptides, proteins and oligonucleotides which have high molecular weight (100, 000 kDa) (Skoog pp560). Multiple charged ions are produced in ESI which enable measurement of high mass species. This is achieved by reducing m/z ratio to a range appropriate for mass spectrometry application. Samples used in ESI are usually non-volatile and the method is amenable for mass determination of biomolecules, analyzing and sequencing of proteins as well as analyzing drugs. Description of the chemical target to be measured, desired precision, accuracy and cost of the measurements/instrument. The mass spectrum in an electrospr ay depends on the generation of ions in an aerosol. Usually ion formation in the aerosol is a competitive process where the sample of interest in this case peptide will compete for formation of ions with contaminants such as phosphates

Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1

Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1 1 The Effect of Molecular Weight and Time on the Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1 scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology I laboratory under Prof. Diana Rose Gonzales, 1st sem., 2013 2014 _ 2 ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue was tested using a petri dish of agar water gel with three wells. The three substances were dropped simultaneously in the petri dish. Potassium permanganate (MW 158g/mole) increased rapidly (14.50 mm) while Methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole) gradually increased (9.50 mm) only. Thus, molecular weight and time affects the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION Diffusion is a movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The particles will fuse when they are evenly distributed and have reached equilibrium. Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue are substances used as indicators and oxidizing agents. Potassium permanganate is used in organic compounds and used commercially to purify water and sanitizer. It is chemically used to regulate certain reducing compounds. Potassium dichromate is used to determine ethanol concentrations in solutions and determine the presence and purity of silver. Researches also suggest that potassium dichromate functions as an agent that cause genetic mutation against DNA repair deficient strains of Escherichia coli. Lastly, methylene blue is used as dye to identify bacteria and nucleic acids. The dye will have the deepest shade of blue when in contact with acids. As indicators and oxidizing agents, the substances stated above must prove that their diffusion must be fast in order to do their functions. Due to their difference in molecular weight, a test was conducted to prove what substance is more recommendable _ 3 to be used in getting the rate of diffusion. To further verify the experiment rate of diffusion was also tested with time. To test this, agar water gel is one of the materials was used. Agar water gel is a substance that functions as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier since it do not melt at room temperature until it is heated to 85oC and more. Also, with a stopwatch the substances were measured (mm) at a regular three minute interval for thirty minutes. The study aims to determine the effect of molecular weight and time on the rate diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue. The specific objectives are 1. to prove that molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion; and 2. to explain why molecular weight must also be observed with time MATERIALS AND METHODS In testing the effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue, agar water gel was used. Three bottles with dropper containing the substances and a petri dish with agar water gel were given to each group. As three members of the group dropped all substances together in the wells of the agar water gel, the stopwatch started simultaneously with it. One member measured each wells of the agar water gel with a ruler to get the initial measurement (mm) of the wells. The group then drew the initial appearance of the experiment (Figure 4.1.). One member was assigned to signal the group if three minutes have passed and the member of the group who is assigned to _ 4 measure the wells will immediately but carefully measure the area with the ruler. There was a regular three minute interval for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, the group then drew the final appearance of the experiment Figure 4.2. Also, the group computed for the average of the substances by adding all the data that were gathered divided by number of time intervals. To test the effect of time on the rate of diffusion the data gathered were computed by partial rate. Partial rate is computed by subtracting the diameter of colored area immediately (di-1) before the diameter of colored area at a given time (d1) divided by the time when d1 was measured (t1) minus the time immediately before t1 (ti 1). Again, the average of each substances were computed by adding all the date divided by the number of time intervals. A graph comparing the average rate of diffusion of each substance was plotted against its molecular weight in Figure 4.3. Also, a graph comparing the partial rate of diffusion of each substance was plotted against the time elapsed in Figure 4.4 _ 5 Potassium dichromate Methylene blue Potassium permanganate Figure 4.1. Initial appearance of the substances in the agar water gel wells. Potassium dichromate Methylene blue Potassium permanganate Figure 4.2. Final appearance of the substances in the agar water gel wells. _ 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As seen in Table 4.2, potassium permanganate (MW 158 g/mole) has the highest average rate of diffusion with 11.32 mm/min, followed by potassium dichromate (MW 294 g/mole) with 10.86 mm/min, and methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole) with 7.95 mm/min. In Table 4.3, potassium permanganate has the highest partial rates of diffusion with 0.35 mm/min, followed by potassium dichromate with 0.32 mm/min, and methylene blue with 0.19 mm/min. This results shows that molecular weight has an effect in the rate of diffusion. When the molecular weight is lower then the rate of diffusion will be higher meaning they have an indirect relationship. Also, with time the rate of diffusion of the substances decreased, meaning time and the rate of diffusion has an indirect relationship. _ 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue was determined. Each substance was dropped simultaneously with each other into the petri dish with agar water gel. With a stopwatch the time was observed with an interval of three minuets in thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, the average of the circumference and the partial rates of diffusion were computed. Results showed that potassium permanganate (MW 158 g/mole) which has the least molecular weight had the highest average rate of diffusion compared to methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole), which has the greatest molecular weight among the three. In time, the circumference (mm/min) of each substance increased since there was diffusion in the agar water gel wells. Hence, molecular weight and time has an effect in the increase, decrease, slowness, and fastness of the diffusion of substances. Nevertheless, further experimentation must be done to improve the results of the experiment. It is recommended to use other substances, a different medium other than the agar water gel, a longer time period to test the diffusion, a more stable environment, and have more trials to observe better results. _ 11 LITERATURE CITED Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94. Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 137. Andrew Mills, David Hazafy, John A. Parkinson, Tell Tuttle and Michael G. Hutchings The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2009, 113 (34), 9575-9576 Chongmok Lee, Yoo Wha Sung, and Joon Woo ParkThe Journal of Physical Chemistry B1999, 103 (5), 893-898 _

The Veldt by Ray Bradbury :: Veldt

The Veldt by Ray Bradbury   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of The Veldt, is a delving into the issue of how modern technology can destroy the nuclear family.   The editor of the Encounters book, John A. Rothermich comments that "This story is almost devoid of characterization.", I agree with this statement and think it is key to the plot of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story begins with the mother of the family, who has quite a generic name.   We are given no information of the characters background and how they came to the point in time they are now.   The lines "Happylife Home" and the familiar room settings like the parent's bedroom and the nursery give you a sense that this is a typical suburban home of the time. The mother seems alarmed or confused about something, "the nursery is...different now than it was", this at first might lead you to believe the mother has true individual characteristics.   However, when you read on, you see the stereotyped reactions to every situation that comes about, the parents then say "nothing's too good for our children".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later in the story the parents discuss the problems of the incredible house and nursery, "The house is wife, mother, and nursemaid, Can I compete with it?", and the father has a generic answer "But I thought that's why we bought this house".   The parents in the story look upon their children's needs as services instead of ways of expressing any love or care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story we never learn anything about the children except for their obsession with the nursery, "I don't want to do anything but look and listen and smell; what else is there to do?".   When the parents tell the children the idea of shutting down the computerized house "for a vacation", the children react shocked and stay with their one, single characteristic given, they act shocked "Who will fry my eggs for me, or darn my socks?". You see then the children's primary relationship is to the house and not the parents, the children exclaim "I wish you were dead!".   And sure enough, by the end of the story the children act on their on

Comparing Regional Embroidries

Three Types of Embroidery Kashida Kari of Kashmir Kashida has taken it roots from the word Kashmir. KASH means water channel and MIR means mountain. KASHIDA KARI means work of water channel. Kashmiri embroidery has become world renowned, largely through it superb shawls. All the fact Kashmir incomparable beauty seems to be reflected its needle work. The shawl industry flourished during the rule of Sultan Zain-ul-Abiden during 15th century. He brought craftsman from Persia to revive the existing art. The demand for Kashmiri shawls increased during Mughal rule.Motifs A large variety of flowers of tremendous colors, shape, size, namely lily, tulip, saffron, iris, bunches of grapes, apple, cherries, plums, birds like kingfisher, parrot, wood pecker, magpie, canary all appears in kashida kari. China leaf is the motif most abundantly used along with Cyprus tree. Many beautiful colored butterflies found in sanctuary and valley has occupied an important place in kashida. Animal and human fig ures are not found in kashida kari of Kashmir. Embroidery Threads Embroidery thread employed earlier was fine quality woolen yarn.Gradually woolen yarn were replaced by the each and lustrous silk thread. The bright, gorgeous in expensive art silk [rayon] has entered the industry by replacing the expensive silk threads. Colors Used The embroidery is comprised of wide spectrum of colors of light and dark shade such as crimson red, scarlet red, blue, yellow, green, purple, black and brown. Earlier, yarn was locally dyed by embroider himself, with the help of natural ingredients. PHULKARI The art of phulkari has its origin in the early part of the 19th century when the ODHNI or head cloth was highlighted with embodied flowers.The embroidery is very simple but the color combination, stitches and the patterns makes it spectacular and gorgeous. It is made on all sorts of cloth and is used in various ways. Bright colors are always preferred when it comes to phulkari, because it refers to fl owers and gardens. The main colors used are yellow, red, green, orange, pink and blue. The most interesting part of phulkari is that no different shades are used for shading purpose, rather, it is done with the horizontal, diagonal, and vertical stitches . the shiny threads reflect different shades in different directions.Thread Soft, glossy, untwisted silk thread is employed for the stitching, which is supplied from Kashmir, Afghanistan and Bengal, which is called â€Å"PAI†. Phulkari And Its Types This is a red colored cloth that has phulkari on the border and edges and is presented to a bride by her grandmother just before the wedding. Vari-da-Bagh It is a red colored cloth, which has embroidery in small patterns all over in yellow, denoting fertility and happiness. Along the border, patterns are smaller and beautifully designed in different color thread. Ghunghat-Bagh/Sari-PalluIt is usually used to cover the head as a symbol of respect for elders. There is embroidery on the small borders on all the four sides. A larger triangular motif is embroidered at the center, making it beautiful. Darsha-Dwar It is a gate that gives a view of deity. It is basically embodied to be presented in the temple or gurudwara. Satarangi A seven colored PHULKARI. Kantha of Bengal; Kantha means throat. The origin of kantha traces its history to a period not less than thousand years. In East-Bengal kantha was a personal expression of arts and crafts that was made spontaneously.A real kantha is able to narrate a story, and is much more compact in design and it is made out of used material. Motif The kantha of individual is unique by itself. Because it is always the craftsman’s creation, ideas, innovation, taste of fancies, and art of executing how fresh form, designs, figures, and motifs. However some basic traditional designs are commonly seen in each piece of their work. Their motifs are composed of heterogeneous objects like various types of lotus flower, mandala, satadala, Padma tree, foilage, floral scrolls, kalkas, animal and human figure, spiral, bird, fish, and boat.There are different types of kanthas and are named according to its utility. Arshilata It is used as a cover or wrap for mirror, comb, and other accessories. It is a narrow rectangular piece. It has a wide border and central motif. The lotuses, trees, inverted triangles, are some commonly used motifs. Bayton A three feet square piece serves as a wrap for books and similar valuables. It has a central motif usually the lotus with hundred petals called SAFADALA PUDMA. The traditional and folk design of oldest style in bayton is mandala. Durgon Square piece which is used a wallet cover.It has a central lotus motif, with an elaborated border. The three corners of this piece are drawn together inwards to make the tips to touch at the center and are sewn together like an envelope. Sujani It is used as spread during ceremonial occasions. This rectangular piece is divided into nine e qual parts, and the motifs are distributed accordingly. Colors This colorful embroidery is made with yellow, green, blue, red, and black color thread. Mainly traditional colors like black, deep blue and red which symbolizes three basic qualities and also corresponds to the three aspects of nature i. . earth, sky and space. Thread Threads used in kantha are usually pulled out from worn sarees, or cotton thread is used. Comparing Three Types The darn stitch is used in PHULKARI, while the base material for embroidery has traditionally been hand spun, hand woven, and natural dyed khadi. Whereas, the novel-ness of the Kashmiri embroidery is that the whole pattern is created using one or two embroidery stitch style. The base cloth used in Kashmiri embroidery is cotton or wool. Running stitch is used for making simple quilt.The traditional form of kantha embroidery was done with soft dhotis and saris, with a simple running stitch running along the edges. Motifs used in kantha embroidery ar e human and animal figures, floral symbols, which cover the surface from the corner. Different patterns like fishes, birds, Kalka, mandola, mythological stories are also figured. Comparatively, motifs used in Kashmiri embroidery do not include animals or human figure, but floral motifs, birds, parrots, canary, green plums, almonds, cherries are commonly used. Whereas in phulkari fauna and flora motifs, peacock, red chilies, ace of diamond are used.Lotus motif is used in all three types of embroidery. Their source of inspiration is nature. The ways in which motifs are used make the three embroideries completely different from each other. They have their own unique features. The colors used in phulkari are bright like golden yellow, crimson red, bright orange, green, blue and pink. The colors found in kashida kari are white, purple, ferozi, yellow, black and scarlet. In kantha traditional colors are used like blue, green, yellow, red, and black. All three embroideries have many common features, yet they have their own unique style.

Anorexia as Eating Disorder

Anorexia as Eating Disorder Abstract Significant amount of time has been dedicated by researchers in the study of anorexia, an eating disorder. Nonetheless, extensive data that is so far available has not been fully utilized towards combating this disorder. It is against this background that the number of anorexia patients across the world has continued to raise thereby negating available treatment methods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia as Eating Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the condition was restricted among western population but the very western standards of beauty have spread to other parts of the world leading to rapid spread of the disorder. This review will explore aspects of anorexia nervosa by tracing its historical background, possible causes, prevalence rate as well as treatment. Introduction Types of eating disorders As society continues to promote thin body mentality to be the ideal of beauty, Att ia and Welsh observe that there is increasing number of people who are developing anorexia as they become more aware of their weight.[1] Most people are concerned about their body weight at some point in life. However, according to the above authors, those who develop eating disorders tend to take their concerns to the extreme. Abnormal eating habits are a threat to a person’s well being and some extremities can cause death. Research over the past few years, has shown that there has been an increase in the number of people suffering from eating disorders especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The above disorders are more prevalent in young women and adolescents. Among the general population, it is estimated that about five million people will show signs of at least one type of the above disorders. Three major types of eating disorders have been identified. The first and the most common type is anorexia nervosa. Individuals who suffer from this disorder are have a di storted view of their body image. Despite some of them being extremely underweight, they will always have feelings of being overweight. These individuals will refuse to eat but will continue to exercise compulsively with some starving themselves to death. The second type is bulimia nervosa which until recently has always been confused with anorexia nervosa. These individuals unlike the one suffering from anorexia nervosa will consume large quantity of food although they feel guilty about it. The affected person will perform the above acts because they feel ashamed and disgusted of the binging act. Once they get rid of their stomachs’ contents, tension and negative emotions dissipate. Many scholars have dedicated their time to study anorexia. However, due to limitation in scope, the rest of the chapter will explore anorexia nervosa by tracing the historical background of the condition, reviewing prevalence of the disorder in terms of gender, culture and geographical background as well as the causes and the current treatment methods. Understanding anorexia nervosa According to Dare, anorexia has been associated with loss of appetite and does not occur due to physical sickness but mostly triggered by perception of the mind.[2] An individual has a similar appetite with a normal healthy person but they tend to suppress it by either eating very little or avoiding eating for a prolonged period of time. It is against this reason that psychologists view this condition as life threatening if left untreated.[3]Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The motivating factor that makes the patient to lose appetite at the sight of food is their obsession to lose weight. Such people are very conscious of their body image, and they always strive to achieve the ideal slim body. The above individuals will deliberately starve themselves to maintain the ideal thin bo dy. In addition, they adopt a strict exercising schedule motivated by their intent fear to become fat. Historical perspective of anorexia nervosa Knowledge about the condition came into the lime light in the late 18th century, when two separate physicians; Charles Lesegue and William Gull researched on anorexia nervosa. The two have been regarded as pioneer researchers in this particular filed. At the initial stages, several names were put forward but, anorexia nervosa came to be widely accepted eventually. Many other researchers such as Hilde Bruch, Arthur Crisp among other have come forward, and their works have contributed into the research by coming up with treatment plans. Despite the numerous studies into the condition, there is lack of adequate technological innovation as far as treatment is concerned. Hence, it has become a concern among contemporary physician researchers. The development of anorexia disorder can be traced back to several cultures from ancient times. During this particular time, prolonged fasting was observed but usually it was for religious reasons. The fast was common among the Greek and Egyptian cultures, but, no evidence has been found to show the fasting was as a result of the disorder. A close resemblance of the disorder in ancient times was that which developed among people who practiced eastern religions. As Steiner documents, some Eastern religious beliefs led to self starvation as people sought spiritual fulfillment.[4]Self starvation is regarded as one of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa today. Although a slight similarity of ancient times self starvation can be compared with modern day anorexia nervosa, the motivating factors are very different. The ancient people practiced self starvation mainly for religious reasons, but not because they feared getting fat as it evident today. Lack of a direct link between ancient and modern day disorder has made development of deep research in this disorder to be limited in scope.[5] The disorder has always been viewed from a social perspective, and earlier researchers have ignored the medial aspect of it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia as Eating Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, anorexia was viewed as a social condition, that affected young women and girls from the high-class circles, and it was viewed as their fashion trend. For this reason, scholars saw the disorder as a pass time activity, which did not have any medical effects. It was not until later when the disorder was given attention by the medial experts when serious medial implications started to be discovered. Prevalence of anorexia nervosa disorder The prevalence of the disorder affects people of both gender types. It can affect individuals of any age. However, women are more predisposed to the disorder as compared to men. Statistics have identified the ratio to be one out of ten men. Scholars say the incid ences of the disorder are increasing day by day, and we might have new statistical out look in the future. The numerous studies conducted show the disorder is more prevalent among the population from the industrialized nations. Despite the industrialized nations having abundant-food supply, the population especially the females shy away from eating to maintain the slim image, which is considered to be attractive. The disorder has been found to be common in the western countries such as United Kingdom, USA, Canada and other highly industrialized nations. Studies in the US show that 0.5 to 1 % of females in the US are likely to develop the disorder. In United Kingdom, an estimated 0.7 % to 1.2% females are at high risk of developing anorexia. However, research of the spread of the disorders in African countries is very limited; hence it may not be easy to hypothesize prevalence rate in those areas due to limited research conducted in the past. The results of such studies are hard to g eneralize across African and other minority cultures. The results of the above studies showed very minimal cases of the anorexia nervosa. Indeed, Rumney expounds that the low level of prevalence rate is a clear indication that cultural factors contribute in the development of anorexia nervosa. Previous studies have also indicated that the disorder is common among post -puberty adults. However, in recent years, isolated cases have been identified among children as young as 7 years.[6] In addition, more recent studies have noted that the disorder is gaining momentum among pre-puberty individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This information has led scholars today to agree that the disorder begins in mid and late adolescence. When the disorder develops at this age, prognosis is always better as compared to those who develop it past the age of 40 years. The disorder at rare times can affect order adults as life stresses catches up with them. Individuals who develop the disorder do so when they start perceiving in their mind that they are overweight. When such a person begins to diet, he/she does not notice when the weight falls. They will thus continue to diet and exercise intensively, and the habit turns into an obsession. Such people will do anything to lose weight, and the reason they undertake self starvation measures is because they see weight gain as a sign that they have failed. Eventually, if left untreated the disorder can lead to fatality as the individuals continue to lose weight beyond the required healthy weight for their age and height. Anorexia disorder prognosis is good when diagnosed at early stages. Possible Causes of anorexia nervosa Researchers have been interested to know what causes the anorexia nervosa disorder. Further, they have been interested to know the contributing factors that lead to the development of the disorder. However, it is difficult to determine the specific causes of the disorder, and most of the causes put forward are hypothetical. Scholars believe that anorexia nervosa can be attributed to a combination of factors, ranging from environmental, cultural, biological and psychological. Biological causes Researchers of anorexia disorder through numerous experiments have come across evidence, that some people could be genetically predisposed than others to develop the disorder. The probability of a person whose close family member suffered from an eating disorder, to get anorexia nervosa is higher than for a person whose family has not history of eating disorder. Statistics has shown that the probability is 10 times higher, and more than 50 % of anorexia nervosa cases can be linked to the hereditary factor.[7] Although numerous experiments have been conducted, the researchers have failed to provide a clear explanation of how biological factors are directly related to the eating disorder. However, research has been success as researchers have discovered specific chromosomes, which are directly linked to the disorder. The specific chromosomes identified are known to increase susceptibility to the eating disorders; anorexia nervosa and others. Another biological factor that can be linked with the increased risk to the disorder has to do with the brain abnormal biochemical make up. The abnormal biochemical make up is related with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) which regulates a person mood, stress and appetite. The gland releases certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which are responsible for mood regulation. When the release of the above neurotransmitters is reduced, such a pe rson is likely to develop the disorder. The above evidence shows that abnormal biochemical make up which is biological factor can be attributed to the eating disorder. Cultural factors Cultural beliefs and attitude factors can also be linked to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder, and other eating disorders. The rates of the disorders vary from one race or ethnic group to the other, and the dimension or extent changes with time as cultures evolve. So many studies have concentrated their researches among people within the western culture.[8] However, extensive research needs to be done all over the world to demonstrate the spread of the disorder across all cultures. A cultural factor that has contributed to the development of the disorder originates from the western culture, where a thin body is viewed as the ideal. This idealization, which receives much attention through the numerous mass media, has been listed as a significant cultural factor that leads to the development of the disorder. The media are powerful tool when it comes to influencing peoples’ attitudes towards a particular topic. The media are to blame for the widespread anorexia disorder as they portray slim body as the measure of attractiveness. Although eating disorders can be traced back in history, the massive shift to the view that slim is ideal has emerged recently as promotions of slim body increases. The evidence that today men and women are not satisfied with a big body is evident from the numerous diet articles, diet medication and the like. A further elaboration on the aspect of culture is that which explains the role of changing cultures to the change of development of anorexia nervosa, as well as the changing prevalence. Several proposals have been put forward to classify anorexia as cultural-change syndrome rather than a cultural specific syndrome as many tend to believe.[9] This proposal cites studies done among the immigrants which show that though the disorder is r are, it is gaining momentum, as the immigrants culture change because of interaction with the host culture. In addition, rare cases of the disorder are being reported in less developed world since the process of industrialization brings with it changes in culture. As the world become a global village, the interaction and transfer of cultural values is inevitable; hence anorexia will be a cultural-changing syndrome in the future. The reason why anorexia disorder is being transferred from the western to other world cultures is because the western culture has always been viewed as ideal. The media have played a great role in communication the values of the western culture to other parts of the world and hence eroding traditional values especially among the young people. Apart from the idealization of slim body among the western culture, another cultural force which has caused the widespread occurrence of the disorder is identified.[10] In the recent decades, the role of women in societ y has taken a great shift. Several feminist theorists have associated the rapid development of eating disorder with the changing roles of women in society especially in western cultures.[11] Feminists theorists have hypothesized that the pressures placed on today’s woman will increase their vulnerability to eating disorders. A historical perceptive of eating disorders to support the hypothesis, is that which shows that eating disorders among women develop, when they are presented with many opportunities. However, the available opportunity has to be combined with absolute freedom for such a woman to develop anorexia nervosa. Lack of freedom is what makes wealthy women in Muslim cultures to shy away from self starvation since they live restricted lifestyles. Today woman is pushed to be a high achiever; at the same time, society expects her to maintain her femininity and attractiveness. The anorexia disorders among females come about as they try to balance the demand by society to be both successful and attractive. Psychological causes Studies to link the development of anorexia disorder and psychological factors received much attention in the 20th century. The early theorists focused their attention on studying how person unconscious sexuality conflicts contributed to the development of the disorder. They also wanted to find out the link between adolescent rebellion and regression to the oral stage of development to the anorexia nervosa. Similarly, earlier psychologists also associated the disorder with the advent of object relations theory.[12] The above theory focuses on how a parent relation with an infant affects the personality development of an individual. The modern-day psychologists have developed a theory which shows anorexia disorder to be caused by emotional disturbances. The variables of emotional, logical and stimuli come into play in an attempt to classify anorexia as an emotional disorder. According to the anorexia nervosa theory, anorexia, which resides on the emotional side of the human brain, can occur whenever the emotional elements are disturbed. The disorder is said to develop during mental growth where one of the key points is affected. The theory postulates that the adolescence stage of growth is the most likely point, when the disorder will develop. This is because during adolescence an individual is developing a sense of self, and most of the times adolescents are not able to handle any form of criticism positively.[13] During this search of identity stage, criticism carries a lot of weight and the person will try to distance themselves from it by manipulating the external environment to avoid further criticism. This escapism behavior suppresses the internal being and the person expresses though unconsciously the preferred emotional image. When prolonged, exposure of the internal self to suppression will eventually lead to mental segregation presented as anorexia nervosa. Dare expounds that it is a form of m ental illness that originates from emotional. Hence, an individual is always concerned with peoples perception of his/her image.[14] Family therapists have also contributed to debate on how psychological factors associated with family relations, lead to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder.[15] The said therapists have tried to demonstrate the relationship between dysfunctional family relationships and broken down family interaction bonds, with the development of anorexia nervosa. Individuals whose mothers are intrusive, overprotective and exhibit perfectionists’ characteristics are likely to develop anorexia disorder. In addition, if ones’ father is passive, withdraw, moody or ineffective the probability for such an individual to develop anorexia nervosa is increased. Personality traits have also been linked with the development of the anorexia nervosa disorder. The individuals have been cited to have low self esteem, extreme fear of becoming fat and feeling o f helplessness in life.[16] The individuals are usually people who are high performers in whatever sector they are in life, but their tendency of perfectionism is what compels them to develop the disorder. Such people are always concerned with peoples’ opinion about them, and always strive to portray a perfect picture.[17] The see the tendency to control their weight as advantageous in gaining peoples approval. It is very hard to know that individuals have a problem as they tend to keep their feelings to themselves, and rarely show rebellious behavior. Danger signs Individuals who are developing anorexia nervosa disorder are likely to use weight reduction drugs during the initial stages of the obsession. Other behavioral signs have been identified by researchers. The individuals will start by cutting back on the portion of food they are used to take previously. The individuals will also exhibit an obsessive interest in exercises, and will spend every opportunity exercising. T hose with the bulimia nervosa disorder will be seen going to the bathroom right after they take any meals.[18] Those who suffer from anorexia nervosa will also avoid gathering where food is likely to be served as they do not want to be forced to eat under the circumstances. The above behaviors affect the body negatively and the patients start showing signs of poor health. The most initial symptom associated with anorexia nervosa is gradual but constant weight loss. Initially, the weight loss is not harmful to the body especially if the patient was overweight.[19] At the later stage as the patient increases weigh losing exercises, the individual will start complaining about stomach problems accompanied by constipation diarrhea. As days goes by, the patient becomes weaker and weaker as the energy reserves are dangerously utilized by the body. Dizziness may also be a common complaint, and at times, the patient may experience fainting episodes. If left untreated, the symptoms continue t o appear which might lead to death.[20] Conclusion Eating disorders are very common problem among the population. Anorexia nervosa, which is one type of eating disorders, has become so common and if not watched more health problems are likely to arrive in the future. Researchers should put more effort to innovate on preventive and treatment measures of the condition. References Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal Psychiatry 164(2007): 1805-1810. Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz .â€Å"Psychological Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (2001): 216-221. DeAngelis Tori, 2002. â€Å"A Genetic Link to Anorexia†. Monitor on Psychology 33(2002), 34-37. Halmi, Katherine A. â€Å"The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders†. World Psychiatry 4(2005): 69-73. Kay e Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. â€Å"Co-morbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221. Mehler, Philip S. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.† Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Naqvi, Syed. â€Å"Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.† Focus 2 (2004):529-540. Palmer, B. â€Å"Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Ramsay Rosalind, Ward Anne, Treasure Janet Russel Gerald F. M. â€Å"Compulsary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa. Short Term Benefits and Long Term Mortality.† British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (1999): 147-153. Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2009. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Swain, Pamela I., Scaglius, Fernanda Baeza., Balfour, Louise., and Hany Bissada. Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2006. Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors†. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000):469-471. Footnotes Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (2007), 1805-1810. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz. â€Å"PsychologicalTherapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221. DeAngelis, Tori. â€Å"A Genetic Link to Anorexia.† Monitor on Psychology 33 (2002), 34-37. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors†. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000), 469-471. Mehler, Philip S. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings’. Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Swain, Pamela I., Scaglius, Fernanda Baeza., Balfour, Louise., and Hany Bissada. Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2006. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Ramsay Rosali nd, Ward Anne, Treasure Janet Russel Gerald F. M. â€Å"Compulsary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa. Short Term Benefits and Long Term Mortality.† British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (1999): 147-153. Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff Litt Iris F. â€Å"Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa†. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139. Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa Brandt Lena. â€Å"Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17. Mehler, Philip S., 2001. â€Å"Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.† Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059. Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2009. Palmer, B. â€Å"Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12. Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Naqvi, Syed. â€Å"Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.† Focus 2 (2004):529-540. Halmi Katherine A. 2005. â€Å"The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders†. World Psychiatry 4, no. 2 (2005): 69-73. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet Dodge Liz . â€Å"Psychological Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221. Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†. American Journal Psychiatry 164 (2007): 1805-1810. Kaye Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. â€Å"Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa†. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221.

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay The promotion of community-based tourism has recently been discussed as a valuable method in achieving sustainable tourism development. Its benefits are easily recognized as facilitating improvements in local communities while reducing the negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of tourism development. However, community-based tourism alone cannot necessarily lead to sustainability in a given area; only with the cooperation of the local stakeholders and with the presence of organizational and/or behavioural conditions in the community. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) This essay will examine the different tools used for monitoring and evaluating sustainability as it pertains to community-based tourism, and its effectiveness and limitations. A focus will be placed on the guiding principles, which include community control and empowerment, natural and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability. (TIES, 2005) Before examining the methods used in evaluating sustainability, a definition of sustainability must be offered. According to the Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism, Tourism should be developed in a way so that it bene? ts the local communities, strengthens the local economy, employs local workforce and wherever ecologically sustainable, uses local materials, local agricultural products and traditional skills. Community based tourism, then refers to local tourism developed in local communities in innovative ways by various individuals and groups, small business owners, entrepreneurs, local associations and governments. (Hatton, 1999) By incorporating community-based tourism into the evaluation of social, economic, and environmental sustainable tourism development, ideally a sustainable community centred on tourism can exist. The recent concept that communities should have ultimate power in deciding their fate and the fate of their community as it relates to tourism development, is growing in interest. As a result, tourism researchers consider community-based approaches to be a requirement for successful and sustainable tourism development. (Taylor 1995; Din 1996; So? eld 2003) By giving control over resources to the locals, this facilitates residents control of their own lives since they are more attached to the shared problems of the community and attempt to work together to mend them. Various aspects of community-based tourism include accessibility, community participation, and the wellbeing of the host community. These issues are all objectives of community based tourism in establishing sustainable tourism development and fall under the pillar of social justice; one of the three pillars of sustainability which include environmental integrity, social justice, and economic development. (Adams,2006) mendelbio. com/sustainability/index. php (picture) These aspects are measured through various tools, including but not limited to Participatory Rural Appraisal, social exchange theory, sampling, interviewing, and through surveys. A case study conducted in La Fortuna, Costa Rica, examined the local social interactional elements needed for the community to achieve sustainable tourism practices. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) By using key informant interviews and participant observation, they were able to measure community involvement and empowerment and show that these elements are possible with the establishment of community agency, the construction of local relationships that increase the adaptive capacity of people within a common locality. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) The interviews conducted included open-ended questions about the communitys past and present characterization, the residents view of the community, community satisfaction, general concerns, future expectations, and tourism development. The interviews were taken by 34 individuals in the community who were knowledgeable and actively involved in the community, with no regard to social or economic statu s of interviewees. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) As well, participant observation was used, which enhances the understanding of the group being observed. (Denzin, 1989:157) The participant observation methods used, included conversations with local residents and extra-local persons knowledgeable of the community; reviewing local brochures, bulletin boards and newspapers; examination of secondary data from the National Census and Statistics Institute, university studies and Costa Ricas State of the Nation publication; attending local community meetings; and observation of daily activities. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) Through these measurements, it was concluded that sustainable tourism development could be achieved if community agency was strong and if locals maintained ownership and control of the community resources. This provides an example of successful community based tourism used in evaluating socially sustainable tourism development. However, not all attempts at community based tourism as it refers to local empowerment and control have been successful, since many limitations are present. Limitations examined in the Langkawi Islands of Malaysia, include government control in decision making processes and weaknesses of the existing participatory approach. In the Langkawi Islands in Malaysia, excessive control by the government limited the locals involvement in the decision making process. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Locals were surprisingly aware of the situation, and knew that they didnt have the opportunity to raise questions or concerns at the draft plan exhibition for new developments, and if an enquiry was made, it was likely not to be acted upon. One respondent was quoted as saying, Usually, the decision was made at the top level of administration without in-depth involvement from the local level. Even when they (government officials) went to the local level, the approach used was not effective because we were not able to be actively involved. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Another major concern in Langkawi was the weakness of the existing participatory approach. It was found that locals were only involved in the early stages of participation, and left out of the major decision making processes. Surveys and interviews that were carried out, were merely to inform the residents of changes in the community, and less about their reactions or opinions. An officer from the government department did not deny these statements, saying One of the failures was when we did the Structure Plan or Local Plan, the consultant carried out the household survey among the community and they claimed that that was public participation. That was right, but it was only a one-way communication approach. I mean the residents just filled the questionnaire without having a discussion with the consultant to draft the plan together. (Marzuki, 2008: 327) Both of these limitations demonstrate that methods were established that allowed for local participation, yet were not followed through ultimately to the final decision making process. This is seen frequently in sustainable tourism, where the initiatives and goals are established for sustainable practices to exist, but either fail to be acted upon entirely or are not completely followed through. As seen, community participation can lead to social empowerment and can work successfully in smaller communities where community agency is present, but can falter in places where government control is embedded in the culture and where existing participatory approaches are unsustainable. There are several objectives of community based tourism, as it pertains to economic sustainability of the host community including increased local economic diversity through different entrepreneurial efforts as well as increased self-reliance of the host community. These can be developed together with locals having direct access to natural resources, which would provide sustenance for the community, while at the same time, establishing self-reliance. (Shuman, 1998) This is particularly important, as global economic forces and the internationalization of markets have proven to have devastating consequences on community life. In many areas the industrial base has been wiped out and little has replaced it except a growing service sector that, at best, provides low-wage, unstable employment. (Shragge, 1997:7) With the formation of communitys of this include the Community Development Association: ADIFORT and the Association of Micro Entrepreneurs: AMITURFOR in Costa Rica. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:743) A balance must be made, however, with the possibilities of economic growth and the conservation of the natural environment and resources. Several objectives pertaining to the environmental sustainability of the host community include local decision making in regard to the sustainable use of resources, protection of biological diversity, stewardship of natural resources, and management of waste products. A case study on The La Ruta Moskitia Ecotourism Alliance (LARUMO Alliance) in Honduras consists of six indigenous communities which have developed local services and products within the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, that are 100% community owned and operated bringing all the financial benefits directly to the local community. LARUMO Alliance, 2011) Employment is separated into ecotourism enterprise groups that include well-trained operations and financial managers, guides, boat drivers, cooks, and housekeepers who earn revenue through employment and by sharing end of year profits amongst the group. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is linked to environmental sustainability, as the locals earn income from local employment within tourism which in turn takes jobs away from hunting, over fishing, and extractive land practices such as slash and burn agriculture and cattle grazing. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is an important aspect of community based tourism, especially for rural, resource-dependent communities, who rely heavily on the environment. Other ways LARUMO Alliance is a successful example of economic and environmental sustainable tourism development, is through supporting local conservation projects, using all natural building materials, keeping tour groups to 12 people or less, and in working to establish special use zones in the Reserve which protect the wildlife habitat. There are various ways in which economic sustainability is measured and evaluated as it pertains to community based tourism, including mapping, visualisation, and participatory GIS (geographical information systems). In the case study of Marahau, New Zealand to aid the community in future development and economic opportunities, an aerial photograph was chosen as a base map, which provided the greatest visual detail of the community area. (Hasse, Milne, 2005) Anderson et. l (2004) provided the photographs, coloured stickers, and a simple questionnaire to garner a response about the changes occurring in the community and their personal goals for future development. The research demonstrated, that the methodology was attractive to all ages, didnt require respondents to have facility in writing or speaking, was challenging but enjoyable and was an educative experience for participants and researchers alike. (Anderson et al. 1994:41) Another form of measurement, suggested by Hasse and Milne (2005) is the combination of participatory approaches with GIS, what is termed as PAGIS. Hasse and Milne (2005) believe, that There is the potential to develop more applicable participatory approaches to collecting, analysing and representing information from multiple stakeholders and combining those with the process bene? ts GIS can offer. These methods can enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor, and evaluate. (Hasse, Milne, 2005:278) By measuring economic sustainable tourism development, greater insight can be gained regarding the feelings and ideas of the local community about their future tourism development goals and in helping them achieve these goals. Measurements involved in environmental sustainable tourism development include interviews, environmental management concepts, and the establishment of conservation projects and organisations. Interviews revealed that respondents had changed their view on the environment after the introduction of tourism to the local community. According to KIs, La Fortunans appreciated nature more after interacting with tourists who came to their area for its natural environmental beauty, making locals realise what a beautiful place they come from. ( Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:747) Conservation projects followed, with the establishment of ADIFORT came water treatment plants, recycling programs in schools, and reforestation efforts. La Ruta Moskitia now provides a baseline for other communities to copy and develop the same projects and sustainable benefits that they have in Honduras. Limitations, however, are present, with the power struggles that often occur with the presence of multiple stakeholders that all possess differing opinions about community based tourism. Several limitations presented when dealing with the Sea Canoe case study involve the initial establishment of companies in Phuket and Ao Phangna by foreign expats, or farangs. In the case of Sea Canoe, for example, the high status of John Gray, a farang, have allowed the company to address local mafia intimidation, the corruption of local tourism and national park officials, and the illegal or unethical practices of several of Sea Canoes competitors (Shepherd, 2002). This is a benefit and a limitation, as it has been argued that having foreign investment and control in the community is not in the best interest of the locals if true community based tourism is to exist. As well, in interviews conducted with the owners of other sea kayaking companies, Kontogeorgopoulos discovered that the success enjoyed by Sea Canoe, a farang company, has also provoked resentment among the Thai owners and employees of Sea Canoes competitors. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995:14) However, with the poor backgrounds of the locals combined with their lack of power against the government and competing companies, especially minority groups such as the Malay Muslims, farang involvement has been a catalyst for positive economic sustainable development in the area; primarily with the Sea Canoe case study. This is due to the fact that the Muslim minority possess low status within mainstream Siamese society, and are therefore less willing or able to address certain problems as directly or as forcefully as the farangs have done. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995). This demonstrates that blurred lines exist involving what is the best method for achieving community based sustainable tourism development. Community based tourism in environmental terms has its limitations as well, with companies such as Sea Canoe who end up threatening the area and community which they are trying to protect. Sea Canoes exploitation of Ao Phangngas resources encouraged the rapid increase in the number of operators bringing tourists into the same caves and lagoons in Hong and Phanak. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) By 1999, and continuing until this day, the total number of sea kayaking companies have climbed to 20, spinning off of the sole popularity and success of Sea Canoe. With competitors focusing less on safety issues and more on income from tourists, competitors carry up to 30 people per escort boat, and purchase inexpensive, spotty equipment. Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) For example, Overcrowding and sloppy attention to safety led to tragedy in early-1997, when a guide from one of Sea Canoes early competitors was dragged under a boat and killed by its propeller. (Mecir, 2000) This is just one example of limitations that exist, when competition and greed take over medium to large communities and community agency seizes to exist. As demonstrated, the success, in terms of sustainability, for any community-based tourism initiative lies in cooperating with the local communities and empowering them to continue to grow and develop tourism, while being aware of the limitations and pitfalls that tourism can bring. With various case studies showing ample examples of successful and effective community-based tourism efforts, as well as negative implications and limitations, it is shown that sustainability can be effectively accomplished in community-based tourism only if all aspects of community based tourism development can come together. In the future, with a growing popularity in sustainability, hopefully small scale community-based tourism initiatives will be key in effectively developing sustainable tourist destinations. And in general, the most useful way of thinking about sustainability is not necessarily to think of it as an end-point, but rather as a guiding philosophy which incorporates certain principles concerning our interaction with the environment. (Holden, 2008 :162)

CV writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CV writing - Essay Example My intention is to produce a learning environment that fosters creativity and collaboration among the students so that self-expression can be utilized with goal setting skills in order to fulfil personal aspirations as defined by the students, but framed within the learning goals of the class. Summary of Teaching Experience 2010. Supply Teacher (Teaching Agencies in UK) Working as cover/ supply teacher in various secondary schools around London. 2001- 2009. Mahaicony Secondary School, Guyana (Junior Teacher) Visual Arts teacher of the secondary school, responsible for teaching students ages 11 -16. Examiner for final exhibited examination art pieces. Guiding and rendering support to other junior teachers within the department. Visual Arts teacher ? Taught various areas of visual arts including Drawing and Painting, Textiles, Graphic design. ? Prepared lesson plan to meet the needs of diverse students from different cultures and backgrounds. ? Prepared fifth form (ages 16& 17) student s to write Caribbean Examination Council Secondary Education Certificate exam. ? Organized art exhibitions and assessing works of art. ? Developed students' interests, abilities and co-ordination by way of creative activities ? Tested and evaluated students’ ability for individual progress in written and oral work. ? Prepared and administered assignments and projects ? Planned schemes of work for entire year group. ? Built learners' confidence, and teaching successful learning strategies In Assisting the Teacher I Participated in ? Creating a good teacher- parent friendly relationship ? Encouraging parents to be actively involved in many areas of school life whilst developing close working relationships an active PTA ? Managing the classroom and organized activities such as educational tours and field trips. ? Identifying students with learning difficulties and provided learning aids and programmes to meet their needs. ? Participating in staff meetings, conferences and educat ional workshops ? Discussing students’ progress and problems with students and parents. Encouraged parents to be actively involved in their children’s school life. ? Encouraging students to become independent learners by setting challenging and demanding expectations to promote self-esteem Junior Teacher Adviser Responsibilities ? Advised and supported staff on planning, assessment and resources including lesson planning. ? Assisted in disciplinary problems School’s Environment Club Leader ? Organised sponsored events, lunchtime and after school clubs. ? Planned and implement strategies in dealing with issues such as recycling and littering. ? Promoted activities planning through involvement of other schools and parents. Achievements ? Completed the objectives and activities set in the curriculum on time. ? 98%- 100% passes in exams: Caribbean Examination Council Secondary Education Certificate exam. ? Significantly assisted in changing the behaviour of the enti re school towards littering through the implementation of policies. Education ? October 2005 –July 2009: BA in Fine Arts (Pass with credit), University of Guyana. ? October 2003 – July 2005: Technical Education Certificate in Radio and Electronic Servicing (Pass with distinction), Georgetown Technical Institute, Guyana. ? October 1998 – July 2001: Trained Teacher’s Certificate (Grade 1; Class 1), Cyril Potter College of Education, (Guyana Teachers’ Training College). ? October 1991 –

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper Research

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors - Research Paper Example In turn, they opt to maximize their work productivity thereby using organizational ‘resources, investments, inputs and infrastructure facilities’ in an efficient manner. The second type actually represents the external side and known as ‘Effective productive’ behaviors. Indeed, this type of workers’ behavior could be defined as one through which employees opt to accomplish short and long run business goals that in turn enable the organization to create value for its potential customers and build relationships, while to reap monetary gains and profits simultaneously. (Anshoria and Suhariadia 2007, p. 1256) On the other hand, Counterproductive behavior can be defined as the deliberate behavior of an employee in an organization who does not abide by organizational values and does not aim to accomplish defined business goals and objectives. This type of behavior is also known as Negative Behavior because it is against organizational and economic well being. (Impleman 2008) Productive behavior put a positive impact on an individual’s job performance. An employee becomes motivated and committed to attain organizational ‘mission and vision’ and thus opt to showcase its optimal performance. In simple words, a worker communicates and collaborates with its organizational co-workers, peers, bosses and business partners to discuss assigned tasks or jobs and to openly share information and personal opinions for betterment of business practices. In addition, the probability that conflicts or disputes among the organizational members could occur is also minimized. As a result, this type of positive behavior is appreciated and endorsed by strategic managers and planners that in turn lead to greater ‘normative and affective commitment’ (with their job) among the workers. In short, the workers maximize their work