The Difference Between Criminal Justice And Criminology

During this semester, I have learned a lot about criminology. I have learned the difference between criminal Justice and Criminology. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior (Hagan p.453). Criminal Justice on the other hand is the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of criminal proceedings and punishment (Criminal justice | Define Criminal justice at Dictionary.com). It is also seen as the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Criminology has furthermore taught me about the†¦show more content†¦Brothels was established in china, Ancient Greece, Hetairai and Rome. In 500-1499 many countries started to criminalize, abolish and regulate prostitution. England and Castile were two places who started to regulate prostitut ion. England established laws that protected the women. One law was that they could not force them into prostitution or into having sex. Between 1350 and 1450 cities started to open up Municipal Brothels. In the 1490s syphilis was During the Middle Ages prostitution was welcomed and tolerated by the Protestant Reformation as a necessary evil. It was taxed by the church and a good source of revenue during this time. . In the 1490s syphilis broke out in Europe which cause people to focus in on public health. The emergence of syphilis and Protestant Ethic began to prohibit prostitution. The concept of sin were translated into notions of crime. Prostitution thrived internationally, even though it was prohibited. In different cultures, certain prostitutes were welcomed like the Hetacrae, Lupanaria, Devadasis and the Geishas. They were often educated, trained entertainers and religious performers. In 1617, Japan created Red-light districts which was an area where the legal brothels could gather to keep them out-of-the-way. There are several types of prostitutes and settings that involve women. Brothel prostitutes, Bar girls, Streetwalkers â€Å"hookers†, Massage parlor prostitutes, call girls, and madams are ones that are much known throughout

The Determinant Of A Successful Career - 1221 Words

The sports industry is an intense, highly competitive field of work which involves a great deal of patience, dedication, and hard work. Not a lot of people have what it takes to stay in the business for long but Mike Tomlin knows exactly what it takes. He is a wonderful role model for people looking to do something similar or to be a coach like himself. Being able to communicate properly with the players as well as other people in this area of work is what will be the determinant of a successful career. By watching how Tomlin conducts himself I can learn what I have to do in order to be a successful coach one day. Mike Tomlin was born in Hampton, Virginia, on March 15th, 1972, and is currently 44 years old. He has two brothers and is the youngest in his family. In high school, Tomlin was an all-star, he set his school record with 20 touchdown catches. Due to his success in high school, he continued his academic career at the College of William and Mary. During his time in college, he joined the fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi and was also a member of the football team as a tight end and wide receiver. In 1994, he was a second team All-Yankee Conference selection. Also during college, Tomlin coached for the Virginia Military Institute for the wide receivers. The next year he was a coach for the defensive backs and special teams as graduate assistant for the University of Memphis. In 1997, Tomlin worked for Arkansas State University, where he was a coach for theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Socioeconomic Status And Behavior As Determinants Of Health999 Words   |  4 Pageslived in an underserv ed community in Ghana where there is a disproportionate burden of disease, so I understand the role of socioeconomic status and behavior as determinants of health. This inspires me to pursue a career in public health where I can help to control epidemics in Africa and other underserved communities worldwide. My career interest is to work in conjunction with non-profit organizations to research the etiology of diseases, distribution, and preventive measures, and to increase publicRead MoreThe Hr Trend : Greater ( Job ) Mobility1692 Words   |  7 Pagesmobility); between occupations and steps on the career ladder (occupational mobility); between different types of contracts; and in and out of employment (employment mobility). Employees, especially Millennial or Generation Y workers, want to stay in a company that provides a range of professional opportunities and career paths where they can grow their careers (Internal Mobility Benefits Employees and the Business | RPO Intelligence Blog, n.d.), lack of career advancement opportunities is one of theRead MoreGender And Social Stigma Of Loneliness Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagesroles in the community. 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When cohesion and alignment is off, the company goes off course, wastes time, energy, and the resources that were invested (Rick, 2014). Employee Competencies Career competencies include the knowledge, skills and attitudesRead MoreMyths of Aging1021 Words   |  5 Pageschanges with age, other people show highly successful aging in which few signs of change occur† (p. 16). An analysis of Dr. Woolf’s myths of aging quiz will show several different areas to consider in regards to the journey that this dynamic and growing population undertakes. I will show my results of taking this quiz and my knowledge of the topics; as well as discuss what I find most interesting; the myth that chronological age is the most important determinant of someone’s age. Let’s firstRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Processes At Mcdonald s The American Fast Food And Hamburger Chain1465 Words   |  6 Pagesprepares a comprehensive job description outlining the typical responsibilities and duties that the successful candidate would perform, as a way of identifying the minimum personnel specifications that the successful candidate should possess. â€Å"Hiring an employee who fits in well at the workplace, performs the position’s duties competently, and adds value to the organization is a sign of a successful recruitment and selection process† (Foster, 2015, Lesson 13, Notes). Focus on high performance ratherRead MoreRelationship Between Health Care And Justice950 Words   |  4 Pagesdata collection, examining the effect of dementia on autonomy, and reviewing substitute decision-making agreements with participants. Since the CLSA is concerned with the individual and combined effects of biological, social, and psychological determinants of health, I participated in many conversations on the lack of holism in Canadian health care. Participants felt that Canada’s utilitarian acute care model ignored the disabled, elderly, and individuals struggling with terminal illness. They sharedRead MoreManagement748 Words   |  3 PagesMonitor , spokesperson , disseminator Decisional : -Entrepreneur , Disturbance handler , recourse allocator Management Skills Technical / conceptual / Human skills Effective vs Successful manager Traditional management / networking / communication / Human resource management Effective – More communication Successful – more networking Average – all three balanced. 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After additional research, I became aware of various viable career paths associated with psychology, and this had allowed me to establish specific goals (e.g., completing an undergraduate and master’s degree in psychology and becoming a registered psychologist) to reach the ultimate career goal (e.g., becoming a research psychologist). Thus it was the perceived capabilities and aptitude and expectations of stability and contentment

Bernie Mcgill - No Angel - 959 Words

When someone you love dies, you don’t lose them all at once; you lose her in pieces over a long time. Many people do not know what to expect when a Loved One passes away. It can be very difficult to overcome. We don’t want to forget them, but on the other hand, thinking about them could lead to eternal grieve. Have you ever lost a beloved and wanted one more conversation, one more chance to make up for the time when you thought they would be here forever? Well, I have†¦ Then you know you can go your whole life collecting days, and none will outweigh the one you wish, you had back. You start talking to them in the belief, they can hear you, and sometimes you have those moments, where you can feel and see them. Exactly this situation, the†¦show more content†¦when you find out how Robbie died . You don’t know who â€Å"they† are, therefor you must find out yourself how and why he was killed. Later Robbie is being described as a fine fellow, whi ch gives us a better knowledge in the murder of Robbie . Going further on in the story, Annie finds her dads shotgun hidden under the bed. In one of Annie’s flashbacks she asks something about the gun, where her mother replies: â€Å"Two or three times. † So additionally it has been used about three times, maybe that’s the answer, why the father’s ghost is to paranoid, and maybe that’s why he doesn’t seem to like Annie’s boyfriend, because he reminds him of â€Å"them†, those who killed his beloved son. Bernie McGill has on purpose leaved out a whole lot of info, which causes this confusion about the plot. It gives the recipients a chance to think about and interpret the story. The purpose of this story is to detail that loss occurs to everyone, and that Annies father is actually no angel, which refers to the title. There is no angel in this short story, just a deserted girl, who talks to her deadShow MoreRelatedNo Angel by Bernie Mcgill1187 Words   |  5 PagesNo Angel by Bernie McGill The short story â€Å"No Angel† is written by Bernie McGill and published in 2010. The story is about loosing someone you love, and not wanting to let go of that someone. Loosing someone you love can be really hard. On the one hand you want to let that person go, and move on, but on the other hand you would like to remember that person. Maybe you are afraid of the loneliness and acknowledging their death, which will come when letting go. When you are so consumed with griefRead MoreEssay on Analysis and Interpretation of No Angel1123 Words   |  5 Pageshas their own way of dealing with the loss of a loved one. In the short story â€Å"No Angel† from 2010, Bernie McGill processes this theme. In the short story, a girl called Annie loses her entire family. Bernie McGill writes about how she copes with her grief. In the following essay, I will analyze the author’s use of supernatural elements as a gateway between the living and the dead. The main character in †No Angel† is a woman whose father has recently passed away. We are told that she has a boyfriend/fiancà ©Read MoreNo Angel669 Words   |  3 PagesNo Angel By Bernie McGill Death is inevitable and death is a natural part of human life. At some point in our lives, we have or will experience losing an acquaintance. To loose someone you love can be difficult to overcome. The question is how we handle the loss of a loved one. In the short story, â€Å"No Angel† Bernie McGill tells about how a woman handle her grief after she has lost her whole family. As written previously, a woman loses her family tragically. The first family member she losesRead MoreCommentary on Bernie McGills No Angel550 Words   |  2 Pagesperson isn’t longer here. But sometimes it’s so difficult to overcome the stage that the person, simply believe that the person is still present and even imagining the person in the daily life. It is this theme, which is treated in Bernie McGills short story â€Å"No Angel† from 2010. The main character Annie, deals with a daily struggle, where she imagines her family still being a part of her life, even though they’re dead. The short story is told in a 1.person narrative and the narrator is explicitRead MoreNo Angel Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿No Angel Grief is individual because everyone handles his or her sorrows differently. No one wants to be alone and therefore to loose someone you love can be tremendously painful and difficult to overcome. On the one hand you want to get liberated from the pain and loss. You try to compensate from it by forgetting. Others want to keep the memory of the ones they have lost, because they fear the loneliness, and thereby find it challenging letting them go because death is so hard to accept. ThatRead MoreNo Angel1252 Words   |  6 PagesNo Angel Losing a family member, a friend or a loved one can be very painful and difficult experience to overcome and accept. On the one hand, we want to remember the one who passed away, but on the other we don’t want to accept the fact that they’re gone and will never be with us again. Sometimes, our loss can even be so great that our imagination creates person who passed away and makes us able to talk to them as if nothing ever happened, as if they never passed away. This is exactly the caseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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The Effects of Advertising Essay - 706 Words

The Effects of Advertising To advertise is to ‘make generally or public known, to praise publicity in order to encourage to buy or use something, to ask or offer by public notice.’ Advertising persuades, informs, competes and, indeed, entertains. The word ‘advertise’ comes from the French word ‘avertir’ which means ‘to warn’. Many years ago, chemists, barbers, prostitutes, etc would have relied on advertising to promote their business. Chemists (or apothecary) would have advertised their business with their logo- a remedy bottle with a serpent snake wrapped around it. Whereas barbers where instantly recognised by a red and white striped pole outside their shop. Prostitutes would have†¦show more content†¦In ‘Pester Power’, children were immediately able to answer the question ‘ What are Gary Linekar’s favourite crisps?’ with the correct answer ‘Walkers’ as he is used in the advert to advertise this product. This, no doubt, shows the popularity of adverts in themselves. Also, the question, ‘What do the Spice Girls drink?’ was again correctly answered with ‘Pepsi’ as they had promoted the product. This was because their pop icons advertised the product and could have easily lead to young children thinking that if they drink this juice, they will be like their idols. Sex is often used in advertisement too, aiming towards teenagers and adults. A picture of a naked or partially covered girl will instantly grab attention and, although the viewers may not buy the product, they become familiar with the company. Another good technique is comedy, which makes advertisement a form of entertainment. It can generate conversation in people, a valuable means of advertising as it spreads through word of mouth. Other techniques, which are commonly used and successful, are music, popularity and propaganda. If a product is shown being enjoyed by others, people instantly feel it is the next must have. Although parents and older people are sucked in by this method, children are a lot more vulnerable to it. When children pester their parents for the next must have, they do not stop until they eventually g etShow MoreRelatedAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising939 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising Advertising has become an important thing in our everyday life. Almost all the companies make advertisements these days. Usually companies when launching a new product gives advertisement about their products may be in on television or newspaper. This kind of advertising attracts audiences who are likely to buy the product. For example, the advertisement of cola attracts a large part of audience and they are influenced by watching their favorite stars drinking a cola on television thatRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising888 Words   |  4 PagesWhen comparing advertisements, certain ones will appeal to people differently. Advertisements are made to get someone’s attention in a quick manor. Some people are more enticed to humor, while others could be drawn to a more sexual image, or something more creative that requires intelligence to create and understand. First, by taking a sip of the Pepsi advertisement, I noticed the horizontal advertisement has a gentle light blue background. The Pepsi logo sits in the corner, not drawing much attentionRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On The Advertising Industry817 Words   |  4 Pages Over the past decade, the influences of the advertising industry have been growing significantly and it has become a part of our daily life. Everyone gets exposed to advertisements, because they appear everywhere: on newspapers, fliers lying on the ground, on your favorite TV shows, and you can’t even browsing the Internet without accidentally clicking on 10 random ads. Since advertising has become such a big impact on our life, advertising companies try to come up with new and effective ideas forRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising2126 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Advertising Advertising is considered a paid communication through a non-personal medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Variations include publicity, public relations, product placement, sponsorship, time shifted advertising, underwriting, and sales promotion. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages such as the television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, the internet, and billboards. Advertisements can also be seen on the seatsRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Children s Advertising949 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of advertising is definitely an interesting one, however short it may seem. Since adults become progressively harder to influence as they get older, busier, and have more expenses, media companies have looked to children in order to create brand loyal people for when they get older. According to the Consuming Kids video, advertising to children has been met with a variety of challenges. One challenge that they have come ac ross, and cleared, are the laws that went into effect to stop childRead MoreEffect Of Advertising On Society Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTalking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers which state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how do the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? This review of literature scope was led by the following question: When it comes to communication and advertising are there positiveRead MoreEffect Of Smartphones On Advertising1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Smartphones on Advertising The amount of smartphones users have nearly doubled within the past 5 years, from 35% to 70%.(2014 Marketing Statistics Infographic). As the number of users continues to rise, advertising will continue to integrate with smartphones. Smartphones have dramatically changed the way consumers are approached by advertising companies. Before we can understand how smartphones have changed the advertising industry, we must first recognize that advertising and smartphonesRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Advertising1545 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Americans. Advertising convinces people to buy their products by using a multitude of manipulative ideas: targeting inferiorities, tearing apart confidence and self-image, misrepresenting the benefits of a product, and most importantly, creating materialistic ideals. As Stephen Leacock said â€Å"Advertising: the science of arresting the human intelligence long enough to get money from it.† The materialistic, self-demeaning, and misleading ways of today’s society is why advertising has a profoundlyRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effects On Society844 Words   |  4 Pageslogo, and flyers left on windshields as a form of advertising (2011, p.130). According to Medoff and Kaye, advertising serves an educational, social and economic purpose (2011, p.137). Although advertising appears beneficial in many features, it too has its drawbacks and can be similarly unfavorable. Advertising will perhaps become increasingly ubiquitous, increasingly influential, and increasingly controversial (Advertising, 2011, p.152). Advertising is highly criticized, not so much for its very natureRead MoreEffects Of Advertising Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages We live each day not knowing the effects of everything our eyes see. We live in a world where we contribute to the prominence of advertising; however, the effects upon us are unknown. Advertising can be seen in the majority of the world, it has gotten to the point in which people become a lmost completely oblivious to them. People see advertisement in stores, in billboards, television, and even their homes. It has come to the point where people believe they are not affected by these ads but that

Crime through the Sociological Perspective All Over but...

Rick Bragg’s All Over but the Shoutin’ is an autobiography that dives right into both the depth of his destitute upbringing as well as his edgy career as a journalist. Having a neglectful father and a struggling single mother, Bragg and his family went through many hardships that can seem both unreal to some and commonplace to others. As he started to pursue his career as a journalist, he was a first hand witness to many atrocities, such as the riots in Miami in 1991. While reading through the text, it is astonishing how many references there are about different theoretical aspects of crime. There is no question that criminal activity proves to be a chronic issue in our society, but where the real question lies is not in how we can rid†¦show more content†¦They tend to focus more on the inequalities of race, class and gender. Symbolic interaction theorists believe that crime is a behavior that is learned through social interaction, meaning that people can be engaging in criminal activity but does not have a sense of whether or not it’s right or wrong in comparison to the dominant culture’s expectations because their actions has always been positively reinforced within their own sub-culture. Whatever the case, each perspective traces criminal behavior to social conditions rather than the personalities of individuals (Andersen and Taylor 162). Now that basic understandings of the theories sociologists use to study crime, we can begin to see how they attribute to some of the problems that emerge because of it. In All Over but the Shoutin’, the first incident that catches my attention within the context of crime is John Sparks, the man who frantically shot the couple in the park. He is described as being a â€Å"sexually obsessive man, addicted to alcohol, who had failed at everything he had ever tried.† Sparks serves as a springboard for discussion about the social control theory. Deriving from the functionalist point of view, the social control theory suggests that deviance occurs when a person’s (or group’s) attachment to social bonds is weakened. According to this, people’s attachment to others forms a subconscious

Leonardo Pisano Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Pisano Essay Does this sequence look familiar? If you thought for one second that this was the Fibonacci sequence then youre right! The Fibonacci sequence was one of the few things created by Leonardo Passion, considered the greatest European mathematician in the middle ages, that was a significant contribution to math. In order to gain a better understanding of the life of Leonardo Passion, better known as Fibonacci, and his contributions to the mathematical society let us first take a look at the brief history of what is known of Leonardo from birth to death. Leonardo Passion was born in Pisa, Italy roughly around 1175 as the son of Gullied Fibonacci. Gullied worked as a secretary and at a diplomatic post in numerous factories located on the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean for merchants of Pisa and as a result Leonardo was educated in the Algerian city of Baja (then known as Boogie and Buggy) instead of in Italy. It was there where he was taught mathematics. Aside from this not much is known about his childhood. He was later able to tour the Mediterranean area with his father up until 1200 when he decided to stop. During the time spent in his travels, Leonardo learned about the advantages of the mathematical systems of each of the countries that he visited with his father. When Leonardo stopped touring the Mediterranean with his father in 1200 it was the beginning of a new stage of life for him. Thus the end of an obscure age of the life of Passion and the birth of an age that he would be very well known for due to all of his important discoveries. Before we go on to the next important stage of life of Fibonacci which resulted in his extraordinary mathematical contribution to society there are some interesting hangs that can be learned about him. The name Fibonacci was not Just some random nickname given to Passion, in fact it does hold significant value, the nickname Fibonacci came from the shortened term of fulfils Fibonacci (Latin for son of Fibonacci which was his fathers surname) which is similar to English last names such as Robin- son and John-son. So the term If-Fibonacci was coined for Passion and he is known quite commonly only by this name. Fibonacci brought the Arabic-Hindi numerals and changed the standard from Roman numerals to Arabic-Hindi numerals which are our current number writing system. Fibonacci also wrote quite a number of books, volumes, articles, etc. Many of which we still have today. This includes manuscripts such as Libber Abaci, The Book of Squares, A letter to Master Theodore, Floss, Scripts did Leonardo Passion, Practical Geometric, and Book X. Many of these books were written during the sass, his second stage of life. After returning from traveling with his father throughout the Mediterranean region, Fibonacci began to write about his ideas and theories. His work would have not been very well known had it not been for the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Frederick II heard about Fibonacci through his court who had tested Fibonacci with a series of complex mathematical problems, many of which Fibonacci was able to solve. These were later referenced in his book Libber Abaci as this excerpt from the book shows: A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month on becomes productive? The resulting sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 In which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers, is now called the Fibonacci sequence. .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .postImageUrl , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:hover , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:visited , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:active { border:0!important; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:active , .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492 .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60922df2cb29df30da24305d932d9492:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of Math - Leonardo 'Bigollo' Pisano EssayThis sequence has proved extremely fruitful and appears in many different areas of mathematics and science. This mathematical contribution of his was the foundation of many things to come such as the discovery of the Fibonacci spiral which is seen even in nature as in the arrangement of sunflower seeds and the formation of hurricanes. Another discovery is the golden section which is based off of the Fibonacci sequence and the contributions of Fibonacci to the mathematical world. Fibonacci ideas and theories are still used today in phi and geometry and even in modern market trading, looking for the golden sections and Fibonac ci ratios. Oddly enough, there were not many people who discredited the works of Fibonacci and made him prove his theories. It can be duly noted however that Fibonacci answered and discovered his theories based on questions given to him by the court of Frederick II. Fibonacci other significant contributions was the publicizing of the Arabic-Hindi 9 number numeric system which at the time was missing the number O. This soon became the standard numeric system for the entire world and included the O. Another contribution of Fibonacci was the square root notation which he created. Without the contributions of Fibonacci there would be many aspects of math that would not be present which is why Fibonacci is such an important part of the mathematical society. Fibonacci life after all his discovery was masked with mystery and not much is known over it. It is known that he died around 1740 and that was the end of the life of Leonardo Fibonacci Passion the legendary mathematician. His entire life shrouded in mystery with only light shed upon his accomplishments. This wonderful mathematician has changed the world of mathematics for the better and opened up new possibilities for future generations.

Competituive Forces free essay sample

Michael Porter identified 5 forces analysis of which he defined as a framework for industry analysis and business strategy that draws up industrial organization economics to derive the 5 forces. These five forces determine the intrinsic long run attractiveness and strength of a market segment: industry competitors potential entrants, substitutes, buyers and supplies. Three of Porters five forces refer to competition from external sources. The remainders are internal threats. Porter referred to these forces as the micro environment, to contrast it with the more general term macro environment. They consist of those forces close to a company that affect its ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A change in any of the forces normally requires a business unit to re-assess the marketplace given the overall change in industry information. The overall industry attractiveness does not imply that every firm in the industry will return the same profitability. Firms are able to apply their core competencies, business model or network to achieve a profit above the industry average and the writer is going to look at the impacts these forces have on the Zimbabwean Tourism Industry. The diagram below is an overview of Porters five forces Adaped from Phillpe Kolter (2010) Threat of intense segment rivalry A segment is unattractive if it contains numerous, strong and aggressive competitors as according to Phillipe Kotler. As in the diagram above all the 4 forces mentioned in the digramram contribute to the intensity of rivalry within the industry. For example, Rainbow hotel in Bulawayo faces stiff competition from its rivals like Cresta Churchill, Nesbit Castle, holiday Inn and the nearby Hotel St. Patrick’s. The existence of these rivals in respect to their exceptional environment like in the case of Hotel St. Patrick’s is a live threat to rainbow hotel which is located in the CBD and in a less quiet environment as compared to St. Patrick’s. Rainbow offers services like which are offered at Hotel St. Patrick’s for example wedding planning and function management. Looking at these two hotels they offer the service differently and this makes it a threat to each and every firm in the industry. A segment is even more unattractive if it is stable or declining and fixed costs in need to be increased or exit barriers are high or its competitors have high stakes in staying in the segment. For example in African Sun limited, one of its Strategic business unit Hwange Safari lodge, had not been pumping in profits from 2008-2010. The corporate was keeping this unit for strategic reasons, thus business was going to boast on the 2010 world cup and gain its competitive advantage and recap on its position in the market. The reason why it did not exit the market is the potential that it possessed as far as the dog factor in the BCG matrix is concerned. These conditions will lead to frequent price wars as some rivals may restructure their marketing strategy to price penetration into the existing market, advertising battles and new product introduction and will make it expensive to compete. In the case of INSCCOR, expensive renovations were done to catch the customers and position its self in within the market. Hotels and lodges in Gweru like Village Lodge are advertising through billboards to attract customer attention and fight the competition. On price wars, analysis Zimbabwe’s hospitality industry concentrating on Bulawayo locality, food outlets like Chicken Inn, their chicken is less expensive, for example ‘1 piercer’, 2piecer combos’ unlike hotel food which is generally expensive, for example Holiday inn half chicken costs US$22 comparing to Mamoyo restaurant billing it at $11, half the price for Holiday inn. The price at Mamoyos attracts customers’ from different levels of affluence. In an effort to eliminate intense segment rivalry food outlets, lodges and hotels invested in setting up billboards like chicken inn, village lodge and Crestar Churchill. This positions these companies in a better competitive advantage unlike hotels like Nesbit Castle, Rainbow hotel and other small outlets which are thriving to be identified in the market and more so for establishments like INNSCOR and village lodge makes their distribution channels accessible to their target market. For small outlets to introduce new products it is expensive for them but they have got a slim choice due to the existing market with set standards. For example hotel St. Patrick’s is a new hotel and for it to meet the set standards, it has to penetrate the market through offering better standards as compared to existing rivals. Threat of new entrance The most attractive segment is one in which entry barriers are high and exit barriers are low. More-so potential competitors may enter the industry if given the choice to do so. This refers to firms which are not currently competing in the industry but have potential to do so if given a chance In the hospitality industry today we see that hotels, lodges and food outlets are emerging this causing a threat to existing business units. The Chinese are currently constructing a state of the art shopping mall and a hotel which is going to have the latest technological advancements in terms of security (improved locking systems), luxurious surroundings, product and service to the clientele in Harare, this is a threat to the existing hotels and fast food outlets as this project is bound to improve from where the existing hotels are lacking in terms of product development and services. This however will mean that the existing hotels and other accommodation facilities will lose the market share as the new entrant will cause the major change in the market environment. When both entry and exit barriers are high, profit potential is high but firms face more risk because poorer performing firms stay in and fight it out. When both entry and exit barriers are low firms. New competitors are a threat as they rob current firms of their clients and market. Due to brand loyalty existing firms enjoy profits as their products are already inclined within the market, in contrast the new firms will need to fork out more on heavy advertising of their product. The distribution channel for emerging business units needs a high capital base so that they will be able to market their products and services intensively to create a platform for survival in the existing market. Government regulations may restrict entrance of new firms; however the Zimbabwean government has passed the indigenization law which allows the locals to have a 51% stake and the remaining to the foreign firm. Recently Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) wanted to come back into the Zimbabwean business sector but due to the indigenization law hence discouraging their entry requirement back in to the Zimbabwean industry allowing to have one leading fast food outlet that being Chicken Inn. Threat of substitutes According to the five forces the threat of substitutes refers to the products having the ability of satisfying customers’ needs effectively. The threats to substitute products can be defined as the products’ that have potential to replace the existing products more economic than the original products nd services that are offered in the hospitality industry for example in the transport sector Pathfinder fares are almost the same as compared to domestic air fares which acts as a substitute to the road network leading to the resort destination. However profits and prices are likely to be negatively affected if technology or competition increases for example high technology in farming potatoes increased the quality and lowered the cost of production exposing direct threat to relative products like bread as they act as a substitute. Looking at the Zimbabwean tourism earlier in the days hotels were the only establishments that had restaurants but currently there are restaurant take aways where the food is cheap and affordable and this poses as a threat to hotels for example the emerging of restaurants like Cafe Mnandi ,Horizon bar and restaurant, these are substitutes to big hotels like Holiday Inn and Rainbow as customers are resorting to these other establishments as they are cheap and affordable to all types of clientele. In some cases when big hotels such as Holiday Inn and Rainbow are fully booked and they do not have space they refer their clients to other lodges and other hotels such as Cresta. THREAT OF BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS Michael Porter’s five forces refers to the pressure consumers can exert on businesses to get them to provide higher quality of products, better customer service and lower prices. For example in Zimbabwe’s economy the clients expect goods which are worth the value for their money. This then pushes the price for civilized clients to be in possession of the power to push the firms in industry to fight competition and surface in the market. For sellers to protect themselves from this threat they must target and look for clients or buyers who are less sensitive to price changes while another counter measure is developing superior offers and products which strong buyers cannot have the guts to resist. For example in Zimbabwe, an entrepreneur aimed at high class clientelle in establishing ‘club 360’ with very high prices in Borrowdale Brooke where clients are less sensitive to prices. Looking at most Zimbabwean hotels bookings for Conferences and large catering can be negotiated for lowest costs at reasonable qualities for example If people who do large catering were few ,it means they would come together and negotiate on a set price s that customers would not have bargaining power over the sellers. Like in the likes of different areas that have different cultures certain products and services cannot be sold in for example the Trout back Inn is surrounded by the Amapostori and establishing a bar that sells alcohol will not be profitable because of the type of clientele that surrounds the area BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS Bargaining power of suppliers is also known as the market of inputs. of raw materials ,components ,labor and services such as expertise to the firm can be the source of power over the firm when there are few substitutes. From 2000 to 2010 suppliers in Suppliers Zimbabwe had the bargaining power as they were able to raise prices as well as reduce the quantities supplied as the inflation rate was very high. Most hotels were facing challenges on which suppliers to trust and there was too much competition for these commodities and some hotels had to close down their food and beverage department as it was not making any profit, currently due to the normalization of inflation creating the availability of commodities thus increasing the number of suppliers that supply a number of goods(flooding of suppliers in the industry). Suppliers are powerful or differentiated if there are only a few suppliers or one in the market ,the suppliers will have more leverage because of lack of available alternatives for instance ZESA and Fuel companies, customers are less likely to switch supplies if the cost of switching is very high that is most hotels cannot resort to generators because of irregularity of fuel so they rely most on ZESA and gas. Nesbit Castle also has power over other hotels like Holiday Inn and Rainbow Hotel because of the castle that is unique and is mostly used to do international conferences and weddings and is the only castle in Bulawayo so they have power over their competitors who cannot offer clients a castle as a service. Labor is a supplier and may exert a degree of considerable power in some situations that is if working conditions and salaries are low and unsatisfactory it usually leads to strikes, go slows, vandalism and pilferages which is a cost factor to the company. To cap it all these five forces analysis is just one part of the complete Porter strategic models. The other elements are Porter indirectly rebutted the assertions of other forces, by referring to innovation, government, and complementary products and services as factors that affect the five forces. It is also perhaps not feasible to evaluate the attractiveness of an industry independent of the resources a firm brings to that industry. It is thus argued that this theory be coupled with the Resource-Based View (RBV) in order for the firm to develop a much more sound strategy.  It provides a simple perspective for accessing and analyzing the competitive strength and position of a corporation, business or organization.